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Body et al. Art Int Surg 2022;2:186-94 Artificial
DOI: 10.20517/ais.2022.28
Intelligence Surgery

Review Open Access

Training in robotic pancreatic surgery

2
1
Sam Body , Michal Kawka , Tamara M.H. Gall 3,4
1
Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth BH7 7DW, UK.
2
Imperial College school of medicine, South Kensington, London W12 0HS, UK.
3
Department of Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney NSW 2065, Australia.
4
Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London W12 0HS, UK.
Correspondence to: Tamara M.H. Gall, Department of Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Road, Sydney NSW 2065,
Australia. E-mail: tamara.gall1@nhs.net.
How to cite this article: Body S, Kawka M, Gall TMH. Training in robotic pancreatic surgery. Art Int Surg 2022;2:186-94.
https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ais.2022.28
Received: 5 Sep 2022 First Decision: 17 Oct 2022 Revised: 4 Nov 2022 Accepted: 2 Dec 2022 Published: 15 Dec 2022

Academic Editors: Andrew A. Gumbs, Henry A. Pitt Copy Editor: Peng-Juan Wen Production Editor: Peng-Juan Wen

Abstract
The aim of this narrative review is to discuss current training for the robotic approach to pancreatic surgery and the
potential use of machine learning to progress robotic surgical training. A literature search using PubMed and
MEDLINE was conducted to investigate training programmes in robotic pancreatic surgery and advances in the use
of artificial intelligence for training. The use of virtual reality can assist novice robotic surgeons in learning basic
surgical skills. The use of automated video analytics can also improve surgical education to enable self-directed
learning both within and outside the operating room. The emerging role and novel applications of machine learning
in robotic surgery could shape future training by aiding the autonomous recognition of anatomical structures in the
surgical field, instrument tracking and providing feedback on surgical competence. Training should be standardised
to ensure the attainment of assessment benchmarks and include virtual simulation basic training in addition to
procedural-specific training. Standardised procedural techniques should be used to improve patient safety, theatre
efficiency and the continuation of robotic practice.

Keywords: Pancreatic, surgery, robotics, machine learning

INTRODUCTION
Why develop robotic training?
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has consistently demonstrated a number of advantages over open

© The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
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