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Authors’ contributions
Designed this study and performed data analysis and interpretation: Hansen MH, Wang AL, Xie KY
Prepared the samples and performed data acquisition: Dong J, Zhang Y, Umale T
All authors contributed to the intellectual merit and writing of the manuscript.

Availability of data and materials
The code used for our algorithms can be found on GitHub (https://github.com/TAMU-MHansen/PED-
Similarity-Mapping). A tutorial on how to use our code can be found on YouTube: https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jr_QxVrVcbg.

Financial support and sponsorship
Hansen MH, Wang AL, Dong J, Umale T, Karaman I and Xie KY acknowledge the funding support from
the National Science Foundation (NSF-DMR, grant number: 2004752). Zhang Y, Shamberger P, Banerjee S,
and Pharr M acknowledge partial support from the Department of Energy under DE-SC0023353.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023.

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