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Zhou et al. Microstructures 2023;3:2023043 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2023.38 Page 19 of 23

Figure 14. Cryo-APT (the protocol from Stephenson et al. [36] , mentioned above), along with cryo-FIB (the protocol from [32] , mentioned
above), to understand the degradation of a model Si anode in a Li-ion battery at the atomic scale. (A) The result after 0 cycles; (B) The
result after one cycle; (C) The result after 25 cycles. Reproduced with the permission of Ref. [89] Copyright 2022, ACS publications.

at the sub-cellular level, providing valuable information previously only accessible through nanoscale
secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) with sub-micrometer resolution . Moreover, the methods
[93]
developed by Schreiber et al. and El-Zoka et al. offer a wide range of applications for studying corrosion in a
liquid environment [32,39] . Additionally, as more laboratories adopt cryo-workflows for APT, the accessibility
of cryo-APT is rapidly increasing, leading to its widespread recognition and impact across the scientific
community in the near future.

DECLARATIONS
Authors' contributions
Drafted the manuscript: Zhou Z, Wang Z
Cairney participated the writing and literature discussion: Niu R, Liu PY, Huang C, Sun YH, Wang X, Yen
HW, Cairney JM
Coordinated the writing and finalized the manuscript: Chen YS

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the Australian Research Council (Grants IE230100160,
LP210300999, LE190100048, LP180100431, and FT180100232), the CITIC-CBMM Nb Steel Award Fund