Page 150 - Read Online

Qin et al. Microstructures 2023;3:2023035 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2023.34 Page 9 of 11

content leads to narrower dielectric peaks, higher maximum ε , and diminished relaxation factor, indicating
r
a deteriorated relaxor behavior. The ferroelectric properties of the ceramics, as demonstrated by PE loops,
show that the excess of Bi O helps improve the leakage conductivity while stabilizing the P and E . The
r
3
2
C
piezoelectric properties of the ceramics are optimized at x = 0.01 with d ~217 pC/N and ~243 pm/V,
33
but it has a great temperature sensitivity. The nonstoichiometric optimization of the Bi O content in BF-BT
3
2
was investigated in this work. The findings can be utilized as a foundation for further research into the BF-
BT system.
DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Synthesis and testing of materials, data collection, original manuscript writing: Qin H
Validation and original manuscript revision: Zhao J
Data analysis: Chen X, Li H
Data reduction: Wang S
Chart design: Du Y
Validation: Zhou H
Revision: Li P
Reviewing and editing: Wang D

Availability of data and materials
According to reasonable requirements, all of the data examined in this research can be obtained from the
correspondents.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work is supported by the Science, Technology and Innovation Committee of Shenzhen Municipality
(Grant No. JCYJ20220531095802005 and No. RCBS20210706092341001).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023

REFERENCES
1. Saito Y, Takao H, Tani T, et al. Lead-free piezoceramics. Nature 2004;432:84-7. DOI
2. Wang D, Wang G, Murakami S, et al. BiFeO -BaTiO : a new generation of lead-free electroceramics. J Adv Dielect 2018;8:1830004.
3 3
DOI
3. Murakami S, Wang D, Mostaed A, et al. High strain (0.4%) Bi(Mg Nb )O -BaTiO -BiFeO lead-free piezoelectric ceramics and
3
3
3
2/3
1/3
multilayers. J Am Ceram Soc 2018;101:5428-42. DOI
4. Panda PK, Sahoo B. PZT to Lead Free Piezo Ceramics: a review. Ferroelectrics 2015;474:128-43. DOI
5. Souza-Araujo J, Hussey NE, Hauser-Davis RA, Rosa AH, Lima MO, Giarrizzo T. Human risk assessment of toxic elements (As, Cd,
Hg, Pb) in marine fish from the Amazon. Chemosphere 2022;301:134575. DOI PubMed
6. McFarland MJ, Hauer ME, Reuben A. Half of US population exposed to adverse lead levels in early childhood. Proc Natl Acad Sci