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Teng et al. Microstructures 2023;3:2023019 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2023.07 Page 7 of 29

Table 1. Various materials for filling CNTs

Material CNT Method Outcomes Applications Ref.
Sn MWCNTs Arc discharge Enhance microwave absorption. Microwave absorbent [45]
S SWCNTs/DWCNTs CVT Self-assembly of conductive sulfur chains in CNTs is realized. [46]

Te DWCNTs CVT Observe the Raman response of tellurium-filled CNTs. Optoelectronic devices [47]
Eu SWCNTs CVT A high yield controlled synthesis method for Eu nanowires is proposed. Electronic devices [48]
GaTe/SnS/Bi Se SWCNTs CVT GaTe, SnS, and Bi Se are encapsulated into the SWCNTs for the first time. Electronic devices [49]
2 3 2 3
Nb/V/TiTe MWCNTs CVT MTe are synthesized in CNTs for the first time. [50]
3 3
NbSe 3 MWCNTs In-tube A single nanowire NbSe is synthesized for the first time. [51]
3
reaction
Bi Te /GaSe SWCNTs In-tube Bi Te and GaSe are encapsulated into the SWCNTs for the first time. Electronic devices [52]
2 3 2 3
reaction
CsPbBr /CsSnI SWCNTs In-tube The smallest isolated halide perovskite structure is synthesized within CNTs. Optoelectronic devices [53]
3 3
reaction
Fe-S CNTs CVT Fe-S@CNTs are prepared using CNT as a reactor. Anode material [54]
CdSe SWCNTs In-tube CdSe nanowires are prepared by self-assembly and directional assembly under the constraint of Optoelectronic devices [55]
reaction SWCNTs.
ReS 2 SWCNTs In-tube Ultrathin ReS nanoribbons are synthesized for the first time. Nano-electrodes [56]
2
reaction
HfTe CNTs In-tube HfTe nanoribbons are synthesized by CVT in CNTs. Metal-semiconductor Schottky [57]
2 2
reaction heterojunctions
WS SWCNTs/ In-tube WS nanoribbons with uniform widths are synthesized using CNTs as templates. Spintronics [58]
2 2
DWCNTs reaction
SnSe SWCNTs CVT It is demonstrated that SnSe form ordered nanocrystals in narrow SWCNTs, and the band gap is Solar cells [59]
significantly enlarged.

MoS SWCNTs/DWCNTs In-tube MoS nanoribbons with uniform width are synthesized using CNTs as a template. Synthesis method [60]
2 2
reaction
C SWCNTs CVT The relationship between electron dose and the bimolecular reaction of fullerene in CNTs is reported. [61]
60
N@C 60 SWCNTs CVT N@C @SWCNTs are synthesized, and it was found that pod samples could be converted into [62]
60
DWCNTs.
Gd@C MWCNTs CVT The transport characteristics of Gd@C @CNTs as a field effect transistor channel are introduced. Electronic devices [63]
82 82
Sc N@C SWCNTs CVT Nano-pods formed by Sc N@C are prepared and characterized. [64]
3 80 3 80
La@C SWCNTs CVT EELS is used to measure the charge transfer between materials. [65]
82
Gd @C 92 SWCNTs CVT The dynamic behavior of limit atoms in metallic fullerenes is observed by HRTEM [66]
2

MWCNTs: Multi-walled carbon nanotubes; DWCNTs: double-walled carbon nanotubes; CVT: chemical vapor transport; EELS: electron energy loss spectroscopy; HRTEM: high-resolution transmission electron
microscopy.