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Chen et al. Microstructures 2023;3:2023025 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2023.12 Page 19 of 31

Figure 8. (A) Stable structure models of Pt clusters on (i) TiN, (ii) TiC, and (iii) graphene. Reproduced with the permission of Ref. [134]
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Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (B) Schematic of Pt/e-TAC catalyst formation. Reproduced with the permission of Ref. [138] . Copyright 2014,
Royal Society of Chemistry. (C) Binding energies of Pt atoms on the ordered Mo C surface and the formation of Pt nanorafts on the
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Mo C surface (i) to (iv) Pt deposited growing in a channel, (v) to (viii) Pt atoms deposited outside the channel with an increase in
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Pt-loading. Purple, blue, and yellow spheres represent C, Mo, and Pt atoms, respectively. Reproduced with the permission of Ref. [144]
Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (D) Free energy diagrams of ORR on Pt@Mo C(100)_O* and Pt(111). Reproduced with the
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permission of Ref. [148] . Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (E) Schematic diagram, phase characterization, and performance.
(i) Schematic illustrations of the synthesis of various Pt/Mo C samples, (ii) XRD patterns of various Pt/Mo C samples, (iii) Fitted
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EXAFS results of Pt quasi /Mo C, without and with Pt-Pt coordination, (iv) Structural models of the cases for quasi-paired Pt single atoms
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and completely paired Pt atoms, (v) Stability of Pt quasi /Mo C determined by chronoamperometry test conducted at a potential of
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0.85 V. Reproduced with the permission of Ref. [149] Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons.
allowing the modeling of potential synergistic interactions among the densely populated Pt single atoms
without affecting the dispersion and durability [145-147] . Huang et al. successfully dispersed a series of TM