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Zhao et al. Microstructures 2023;3:2023002 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2022.21 Page 7 of 11

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Figure 7. (A) Unipolar P-E loops of 0.60BT-0.40NN ceramics measured under 19 MV m at various frequencies, (C) under 15 MV m
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at different cycles and (E) under 20 MV m at various temperatures. Corresponding (B) frequency-dependent, (D) fatigue-dependent
and (F) temperature-dependent energy storage properties.
in Supplementary Figure 5, confirming the high η. Noticeably, the η of the 0.60BT-0.40NN ceramics
decreases slightly with increasing E and shows a slight variation of < 4% within the whole electric field range
tested, which is conducive to high η energy storage applications.

Given that the stability of the energy storage properties for dielectric materials is crucial in practical
applications, the frequency, fatigue and temperature stabilities of the energy storage properties for the
0.60BT-0.40NN ceramics are characterized in Figure 7. The P of the 0.60BT-0.40NN ceramics only
max
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decreases from 15.1 to 14.3 µC cm with increasing frequency from 0.1 to 100 Hz, while the P remains
r
almost unchanged [Figure 7A]. Hence, the variations in W and η are less than 6.0% and 1.2%, respectively
d
[Figure 7B]. The stable frequency-dependent energy storage properties are realized because the polar
[38]
nanoregions can switch rapidly under the applied electric field . To evaluate the fatigue stability, the
unipolar P-E loops under 15 MV m are characterized for 10 cycles [Figure 7C]. Fortunately, the P-E loops
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