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Rong et al. Vessel Plus 2019;3:18 Vessel Plus
DOI: 10.20517/2574-1209.2019.007

Review Open Access

Clinical and perioperative applications of three-
dimensional echocardiography

Lisa Q. Rong , Antonino Di Franco 2,#
1,#
1 Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
2 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
# The authors contributed equally.

Correspondence to: Dr. Lisa Q. Rong. Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 525 East 68th Street, M324,
New York, NY 10065, USA. E-mail: lir9065@med.cornell.edu

How to cite this article: Rong LQ, Di Franco A. Clinical and perioperative applications of three-dimensional echocardiography.
Vessel Plus 2019;3:18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1209.2019.007

Received: 11 Apr 2019 First Decision: 5 May 2019 Revised: 9 May 2019 Accepted: 15 May 2019 Published: 29 May 2019

Science Editor: Mario F. L. Gaudino Copy Editor: Cai-Hong Wang Production Editor: Huan-Liang Wu

Abstract
The use of three-dimensional echocardiography, both in the clinical cardiology and perioperative settings, has increased
thanks to its ability to add important information to the standard bi-dimensional exam and to evaluate structures
without geometric assumptions. Both real time three dimensional (3D) transesophageal echo and offline quantitative
measurements from 3D acquisitions have become integral for qualitative and quantitative analysis of structures and for
surgical and procedural guidance. This review aims to provide an overview on the applications of 3D echo, with particular
reference to the perioperative settings.

Keywords: Three dimensional, transesophageal echocardiography, transthoracic echocardiography, perioperative

INTRODUCTION
At the end of the 20th century, The New England Journal of Medicine released a landmark editorial listing
the 11 most important medical achievements of the past 1000 years; body imaging was included as one of
[1]
them . Among all the imaging modalities developed over the decades, echocardiography is now one of the
most widely used diagnostic test.

[2]
The history of echocardiography, sprinkled with many interesting events and anecdotes cataloguing the
journey towards currently used echo modalities, is quite intriguing. Standard mono- and bi-dimensional

© The Author(s) 2019. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
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