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Figure 3. Linkage disequilibrium plot of Renin genes SNPs

renal problem or nephropathy. It is also worth mentioning here that this research work only deals with the
association study (irrespective of gender) between diabetic nephropathy and the genetic variation of renin
gene within its promoter sequence.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the members of the study populations, patients and control participants for voluntarily
taking part in this research work and donating their blood samples and cooperation during data collection.
We would also like to thank to Dr. P Roychodhury, (Endocrinologist; Calcutta Medical college and Hospital),
Dr. S. Bhattachariya, (Nephrologists; B. P. Poddar Hospital) for their cooperation during Patients selection,
registration and medical data collection. We wish to express our deep gratitude to the Director, Anthropological
Survey of India, for his kind permission to initiate the work and also for providing financial support.

Authors’ contributions
Involved in the sequencing experiments, screening for gene mutations, performed the statistical analysis as
well as participating in the write up of the manuscript: Purkait P
Contributed to preparation of the manuscript: Halder K
Supervised the project: Naidu JM
Supervised the project and compliance with Institutional ethical procedures: Sarkar B
Read and approved the final manuscript: all authors

Availability of data and materials
Reader can ask or mail to corresponding author for materials.

Financial support and sponsorship
This study was funded by the Anthropological Survey of India, Kolkata (fellowship to Dr. Pulakes Purkait as
Junior Research Fellowship and Senior Research Fellowship).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.