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Wu et al. Mast cells and vein graft remodelling

experiments are required to clarify whether the Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015;35:265-71.
quantitative increase in elastin content has a positive 7. Bot I, de Jager SC, Zernecke A, Lindstedt KA, van Berkel TJ, Weber
impact on vascular compliance and vasomotor C, Biessen EA. Perivascular mast cells promote atherogenesis and
function, which may also influence the neointima induce plaque destabilization in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
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hyperplasia. 8. Wang J, Sjöberg S, Tia V, Secco B, Chen H, Yang M, Sukhova GK, Shi
GP. Pharmaceutical stabilization of mast cells attenuates experimental
In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate the atherogenesis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice.
mast cell-dependent regulation of elastin deposition Atherosclerosis 2013;229:304-9.
in vein grafts, and subsequent suppression of chronic 9. Tang Y, Yang Y, Wang S, Huang T, Tang C, Xu Z, Sun YH. Mast cell
vein graft hyperplasia in hyperlipidaemic mice. This degranulator compound 48-80 promotes atherosclerotic plaque in
study sheds new light on the function of perivascular apolipoprotein E knockout mice with perivascular common carotid
collar placement. Chin Med J (Engl) 2009;122:319-25.
mast cells on vascular lesion formation and 10. Grimbaldeston MA, Chen CC, Piliponsky AM, Tsai M, Tam SY,
remodelling, and provides new targets for therapeutic Galli SJ. Mast cell-deficient W-sash c-kit mutant Kit W-sh/W-sh mice
intervention for vein graft failure and other stenotic as a model for investigating mast cell biology in vivo. Am J Pathol
vascular disease. 2005;167:835-48.
11. Wu J, Zhang C. Neointimal hyperplasia, vein graft remodeling,
Authors’ contributions and long-term patency. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol
2009;297:H1194-5.
Performing all the experiments, acquiring and analysing 12. Owens CD, Gasper WJ, Rahman AS, Conte MS. Vein graft failure. J
the data and writing the first draft of the paper: J. Wu Vasc Surg 2015;61:203-16.
Designing the experiments, manuscript editing and 13. Wu J, Wadsworth RM, Kennedy S. Inhibition of inducible nitric
reviewing: C. Lawrence, R.M. Wadsworth, S. Kennedy oxide synthase promotes vein graft neoadventitial inflammation and
remodelling. J Vasc Res 2011;48:141-9.
Financial support and sponsorship 14. Wu J, Grassia G, Cambrook H, Ialenti A, MacRitchie N, Carberry J,
This work was supported by a British Heart Foundation Wadsworth RM, Lawrence C, Kennedy S, Maffia P. Perivascular mast
cells regulate vein graft neointimal formation and remodeling. Peer J
project grant (PG/09/095). The funders had no role in 2015;3:e1192.
study design, data collection and analysis, decision to 15. de Vries MR, Simons KH, Jukema JW, Braun J, Quax PH. Vein graft
publish, or preparation of the manuscript. failure: from pathophysiology to clinical outcomes. Nat Rev Cardiol
2016;13:451-70.
Conflicts of interest 16. de Vries MR, Wezel A, Schepers A, van Santbrink PJ, Woodruff TM,
There are no conflicts of interest. Niessen HW, Hamming JF, Kuiper J, Bot I, Quax PH. Complement
factor C5a as mast cell activator mediates vascular remodelling in
vein graft disease. Cardiovasc Res 2013;97:311-20.
Patient consent 17. Kothapalli D, Castagnino P, Rader DJ, Phillips MC, Lund-Katz S,
Not applicable. Assoian RK. Apolipoprotein E-mediated cell cycle arrest linked to p27
and the Cox2-dependent repression of miR221/222. Atherosclerosis
Ethics approval 2013;227:65-71.
The study had been granted by the University of 18. Lannoy M, Slove S, Jacob MP. The function of elastic fibers in the
arteries: beyond elasticity. Pathol Biol 2014;62:79-83.
Strathclyde ethical review committee. 19. Carlsson P, Kjellén L. Heparin biosynthesis. In: Lever R, Mulloy B,
Page CP, editors. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. Berlin,
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