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Figure 4. PTE-based zero-power optoelectronic synapses. (A) Schematic illustrations of the working mechanism in PTE-based zero-power
optoelectronic synapse correspond to the (i) original, (ii) illumination, and (iii) dark state, respectively. D anion and D cation represent the anion
and cation diffusion coefficient, respectively; (B) Schematic illustration of artificial neuromorphic vision skin based on a silver
nanoparticle-doped ionogel heterostructure; (C) Optical synaptic characteristics of the devices in the planar state and under different
curvatures; (D) Optical images of the flexible neuromorphic vision skin device attached to human skin. Subfigures (B-D) Reproduced with
permission [43] . Copyright 2025, IOP Publishing; (E) Schematic illustration of the zero-power ionogel photoreceptor; (F) Photoresponse of
the device under 365 nm illumination without an external power; (G) PPF index as a function of light stimulus interval; (H) Optical images
of photoreceptor transplantation by replacing a damaged pixel with a healthy one in the host retina; (I) Visual restoration in the “I”
mapping after photoreceptor transplantation; (J) Optical images and schematic illustration of the real-time motion tracking testing
measurement setup; (K) Schematic of the laser spot motion path and real-time trajectory tracking at different speeds, demonstrating
motion direction and perception capability. Subfigures (E-K) Reproduced with permission [44] . Copyright 2024, Springer Nature. PTE:
Photothermoelectric; HBA: 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate; EOEOEA: 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl acrylate; TFSI : bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide
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anion; AgNPs: silver nanoparticles; PPy-NP: polypyrrole nanoparticle; PPF: paired-pulse facilitation; EPSC: excitatory postsynaptic current;
SHR-E: self-powered hemispherical retinomorphic eye; TIA: trans-impedance amplifier; DAQ: data acquisition.