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Page 26 of 39 Yang et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 46 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2025.44
Figure 10. (A) Schematic of the blood pressure monitoring system (a), Grid sensing area on the wrist and arterial pulse signals collected
by sensors from different sites (b), typical pulse wave signals with features defined (c), and estimation process of the blood
pressure(d) [155] . Copyright 2023, Springer Nature; (B) Strain tests of LGPs with the strain values ranging from 0% to 50% (a), IR image
of LGP embedded with a AgNW heater (b), design schematic of stretchable pulsed oximetry (c), and PPG signal was acquired using μ-
LEDs with 630 and 850 nm (d) [50] . Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society; (C) Schematic representation of the proposed flexible
photonic interferometer (a and b), analysis of bi-directional stretching of sensors (c and d), and the system’s real-time reaction for
monitoring breathing (e) [51] . Copyright 2023, Wiley. LGPs: Light guide panels; IR: infrared; AgNW: silver nanowires; PPG:
photoplethysmogram; LEDs: light-emitting diodes.
encapsulated in a PDMS film is based on the interference between the core and higher-order cladding
modes due to single-mode fiber (SMF) bending, which enables human respiration and pulse wave
monitoring. Additionally, Zhang et al. proposed a PMMA–PDMS fiber with good stretchability and
[217]
achieved functional validation in various aspects, such as respiratory monitoring . Finally, Shen et al.
proposed a wearable WaveFlex sensor that incorporates a flexible wavy POF, which enables monitoring of
