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Page 8 of 25                             Liu et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 7  https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.69


































































                Figure 3. The morphology, EMW absorption mechanism, and property of Fe-doped PANI composites. (A) A TEM image, partial enlarged
                views, schematic diagram of EMW absorption mechanism of Fe O /PANI  composite [75] ; (B) 3D plots of RL, the EMW absorption
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                mechanism of PANI@FeSiAl  composites [78] ; (C) Schematic diagram of EMW absorption and thermal conduction of BN-OH@Fe O 4
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                @PANI composite [35] . EMW: Electromagnetic wave; PANI: polyaniline; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; RL: reflection loss; BN-
                OH: boron nitride.
               PPy
               PPy is a significant conductive polymer with convenient preparation, tunable conductivity, chemical
               stability, and resistance to corrosion [11,47] . Its high electrical conductivity makes it highly capable of absorbing
               EMW. The conductivity may be adjusted by varying the permittivity through changes in the filler and
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