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Liu et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 7 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.69 Page 3 of 25

Figure 1. EMW absorbing strategy of advanced polymer-based materials combining heterointerface engineering, synergism of multi-
components, and microstructure design. EMW: Electromagnetic wave.

HETEROINTERFACE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURE DESIGN
A significant way to maximize the efficiency of magnetic absorbers is heterointerface engineering, which has
drawn much attention to controlling the distribution of electrons at contacting interfaces [37,45] . It is
considered an advanced option to deal with complex EM environments and develop a new generation of
smart EM materials. It is regarded as a cutting-edge solution to handle intricate EM situations and create a
new class of intelligent EM materials.

The physicochemical reaction occurs when distinct interfaces are in contact, such as space charge
orientation, energy band rearrangement, and electron migration. It impairs the loss of polarization and
conductivity. Furthermore, the magneto crystalline anisotropy will be altered by the pinning effect and
distortion defects, leading to magnetic loss including magnetic resonance, hysteresis loss, and eddy
[46]
current . Crystalline/amorphous interfaces, crystallization/crystallization interfaces, and van der Waals
heterostructures are examples of heterointerfaces. The heterointerface engineering strategy could integrate
the unique functions of multi-components and phases, induce a remarkable interfacial polarization in the
interface, and enhance impedance matching via rational assembly of material phases . For example,
[13]
creating heterogeneous nanostructures into polymers is a promising method for designing efficient
absorbents. The structures can improve EMW absorption using magnetic loss and dielectric polarization
while maintaining a suitable impedance matching .
[9]