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Page 20 of 35 Huang et al. Soft Sci 2024;4:40 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.37

Recently, Li et al. developed a Janus nanoprocessed electronic textile (JNET) for comfortable sweat
[241]
monitoring . By combining radiative cooling with moisture-wicking capabilities, substantial
enhancements in wearing comfort have been realized [Figure 8A]. The structure of JNET, as shown in
Figure 8B, involves weaving different fiber sensors to detect various substances in sweat. The novel
integration of the optimized substrate and sensing fibers ensures a comfortable physiological
microenvironment for sweat monitoring under sweating and hot conditions. Compared with traditional
fabrics, experimental results have shown that Janus nanoprocessed silk (JNPS) achieves significant cooling
effects and reduces skin surface humidity [Figure 8C]. Figure 8D demonstrates that the textile electronics
can simultaneously detect pH, uric acid (UA), and Na biomarkers. In practical applications, the JNET is
+
connected to a printed circuit board (PCB) via fiber electrodes. The PCB primarily consists of an MS02
chip, Bluetooth module, power supply, and other functional modules, enabling the real-time wireless
transmission of sensing signals to be displayed on a smartphone [Figure 8D].

Additionally, cortisol can be detected in sweat, correlating with the stress levels experienced by individuals.
Hu et al. developed textile electronics based on CNT fibers for populations troubled by depression . In the
[49]
research, Prussian blue as an oxidation-reduction probe was deposited onto molecularly imprinted
polymers (MIP) to directly detect cortisol upon contact with sweat. As shown in Figure 8E, the textile
includes three functional fibers. MIP/CNT fiber serves as the working electrode, while Ag/AgCl/CNT fiber
and Pt/CNT fiber act as the reference and counter electrodes, respectively. Then, the integrated textile
electronics and other modules of a complete sweat monitoring system are illustrated in Figure 8F. The sweat
sensor converts variations in cortisol concentration into electrical signals, which are subsequently
transmitted to the flexible PCB for data processing. These signals are amplified, filtered, and converted into
readable data, and then sent to the display module via a wireless module (such as Bluetooth). Users can view
real-time monitoring reports of cortisol through the user interface (UI). An application scenario of real-
time stress management is shown in Figure 8G. After the stress test, the cortisol levels of participants
gradually decrease. If participants exercise, their cortisol levels will also decrease after exercise.

Multifunctional health monitoring system
Conventional health monitoring systems with single-function monitoring are inadequate for some special
situations, such as pregnancy and sleep monitoring that necessitate simultaneous tracking of various human
motions and physiological signals [44,226] . Hence, the necessity for multifunctional health monitoring systems
arises to meet the intricate demands of such scenarios [242-244] . In this section, a multifunctional health
monitoring system for sleep monitoring as an example is discussed.

Lin et al. developed a smart mattress based on pressure-sensitive TENG arrays for real-time monitoring of
[42]
sleep behaviors . The smart mattress is constructed with conductive fibers and elastic materials, exhibiting
high sensitivity, rapid response time, durability, and waterproof performance. The configuration of the
sensor array is illustrated in Figure 9A, with individual addressing for each TENG unit. The conductive
fibers are linked to the signal amplifier via the row/column data bus. The amplified signals are subsequently
transmitted to the analog multiplexer and then fed into the ADC The microcontroller receives the digital
signals from theADC for further processing. As the scanning progresses from the first row to the ith
column, an i × j pressure image is constructed. This sequence of images forms a continuous data stream,
which is subsequently transmitted to an external device such as a medical terminal or a personal mobile
phone via the Bluetooth module.

When a user lies on the smart mattress, the body posture, position, and pressure distribution can be
visualized on the graphical UI, as shown in Figure 9B. Figure 9C illustrates the distribution of pressure