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Zhang et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 17 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.68 Page 11 of 13

Figure 5. Integration of sensor array on airbag pillow for head posture recognition. (A) Schematic diagram illustrating the head posture
recognition process through multi-channel sensing information acquisition by the pillow equipped with five sensors and machine
learning by 1D CNN prediction model; (B) Different combinations of characteristic waveforms obtained by the five sensors for the three
head postures; (C) Mapping of trained data in the 2D feature space; (D) Confusion matrix of the head gesture recognition classification
results. 1D: One-dimensional; CNN: convolutional neural network; 2D: two-dimensional.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Methodology, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, visualization, and writing - original draft: Zhang,
Y.; Zhang, B.; Lv, Y.
Conceptualization, supervision, project administration, writing - review and editing: Wang, P.; Liu, T.;
Meng, C.

Availability of data and materials
The data presented in this study is available upon request from the corresponding author.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the China National Key Research and Development Program (No.
2022YFC3601400), and partially by the Tianjin Science and Technology Plan Project (No. 22JCZDJC00630)
and the Higher Education Institution Science and Technology Research Project of Hebei Province (No.
JZX2024024).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.