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Fan et al. Soft Sci 2024;4:11 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.47 Page 7 of 16

Figure 3. The application directions of leather composites. (Aa) The LED lamp lighting upon pressure; (Ab) illustration for the electric
current response mechanism upon externally applied pressures; (Ac) relative current changes of the AgNW/leather nanocomposites
upon various pressures, (Ad and e) the piezoresistive sensing performances of the AgNW/leather nanocomposites; (Af-h) human
motion detection of the AgNW/leather nanocomposites [41] . Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH; (Ba) Structure of
leather-based display; (Bb-g) smart display based on electroluminescence [42] . Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH.
AgNW: Silver nanowire; CNT: carbon nanotube.

Actually, fabric-based flexible electronics also have good sensing performance; however, their mechanical
strength is weaker than the leather composites . Yan et al. prepared a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/
[60]
AgNW/silk fibroin fabric sensor, and it showed wonderful monitoring . Obviously, its application can be
[61]
enlarged after improving the low tensile strength. Xie et al. introduced carbon black into leather, and then
[58]
the Kirigami structure was designed . The leather-based strain sensor can accurately identify the bending
angle and direction. More importantly, the resistance changes maintained the stability of the strain sensor
under 12,000 bending cycles, which showed good durability and mechanical performance. Finally, the
shapes also can be recognized by using this sensor. Due to the unique surface structure of leather, the rough