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Page 6 of 33 Arab Hassani. Soft Sci 2023;3:31 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.23

Table 2. Summary of key characteristics of soft sensor arrays used to treat/monitor a specific condition or prosthetic application
Bioreceptor- Sensor/Actuator type Single or multimodal Data acquisition, data processing, and Soft/Flexible Powering Target healthcare
inspiration type (Application format) sensing (Detected data visualisation substrate system application
(Sense) stimuli)
Photoreceptor (Vision) [27] Nanowire array as Single (Light) Multiplexer, pre-amplifier, and current meter; Porous aluminium oxide Power supply Humanoid robots
photosensor (Artificial personal computer; and image reconstruction and membrane /PDMS
eye) visualisation
[116]
Photoreceptor (Vision) Phototransistor and Single (Light and Soft flexible printed circuit board that includes PI Cell battery Retinal prosthesis
electrode array (Artificial electrical stimulation) trans-amplifier, inverter, and micro-controller unit and power
retina) (MCU); image processing electronics; and image supply
visualisation
Electroreceptor (Spatial Electrostatic induction Single (Object’s electric Electrometer; personal computer; and auditory Hydrogel/Elastomer Self-powered Vision restoration
[117]
perception) receiver array (Patch) field) signal generation
Mechanoreceptor Vibration actuator array Single (Vibration) Linear voltage regulator, near-field Silicone Wirelessly Virtual/Augmented reality
(Virtual (Patch) communication antennas, integrated circuit, powered
perception/touch) [118] personal computer, and sense of virtual touch
Mechanoreceptor Capacitive pressure sensor Single (Pressure) LCR meter, personal computer, and pressure PDMS Power supply Health monitoring and interactive
(Touch) [119] array (Patch) mapping robotics
Mechanoreceptor Capacitive pressure sensor Single (Pressure) LCR meter, neural network training, and quantum PDMS Power supply Skin prosthetics
(Touch) [120] array (Patch) dot light-emitting diodes display and pressure
mapping
Mechanoreceptor Resistive pressure sensor Single (Pressure) Signal converter, amplifier, noise-filtering, and PDMS/PET Power supply Pulse monitoring
[121]
(Touch) array (Patch) ADC conversion; personal computer; and three-
dimensional (3D) mapping
Mechanoreceptor Triboelectric sensor array Single (Pressure) Amplifier, low-pass filter, ADC, and Bluetooth; Textile Self-powered Cardiovascular disease and sleep
(Touch) [122] (Cloth) mobile phone; and pressure signal apnoea syndrome assessments
Taste receptor (Taste) [123] Electrode array (Patch) Single (Chemical and Portable low-voltage adjustable power supply PI Battery Non-invasive oral electrotherapy
electrical stimulation) stimulating module; personal computer; and radar and brain-tongue-machine
map interface
[124]
Taste receptor (Taste) Ionic conductivity sensor Single (Chemical) Semiconductor characterisation system; personal PEN Power supply Taste-monitoring devices and
array (Patch) computer; and map of current changes humanoid robots
Olfactory receptor Resistive sensor array Single (Chemical) Voltage divider, analogue PEN Power supply Health monitoring
(Odour) [125] (Armband) multiplexer, data acquisition device, and Zigbee;
personal computer; PCA; and PCA plot
Olfactory receptor Resistive sensor array Single (Chemical) Voltage divider, MCU, and Bluetooth; personal PVDF/PET Battery Health monitoring and individual
[126]
(Odour) (Armband) computer and PCA; and PCA plot identification
Auditory receptor Acoustic sensor array Single (Sound) Data acquisition card; sound source location PI Self-powered Sound identification and
(Sound) [127] (Artificial ear) algorithm and personal computer; and 3D localisation
mapping
Mechanoreceptor Triboelectric and Multi (Pressure and Oscilloscope and source meter; personal P(VDF-TrFE) Self-powered Health monitoring
[128]
(Touch) pyroelectric sensor array temperature) computer; and 3D mapping
(Patch)