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Kim et al. Soft Sci 2023;3:16 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.07 Page 7 of 30

Figure 3. (A) 3D morphable mesostructures as switchable radio frequency electronic components with shielding capability.
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(Reproduced with permission from Ref. [143] . Copyright 2018. Springer Nature); (B) image of 4-by-4 interconnected helical 3D arrays
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with integrated micro LEDs, heaters, thermistors, and electrodes. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [51] . Copyright 2021. American
Association for the Advancement of Science); (C) partially and fully folded 3D mesoscale saddle structures formed from a 2D copper
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precursor of concentric circles. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [144] . Copyright 2022. American Association for the
Advancement of Science); (D) different bonding modes of 3D bilayer PI sheets consisting of two cross PI ribbons. (Reproduced with
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permission from Ref. [145] . Copyright 2021. American Chemical Society); (E) images of 3D buckled structure in the shape of a table with
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different compressive strains. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [146] . Copyright 2019. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA,
Weinheim); (F) mechanically stable and electrically tunable hemispherical small antennas. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [147] .
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Copyright 2019. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim); (G) a multimodal antenna consisting of four pairs of
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reconfigurable components. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [55] . Copyright 2020. American Association for the Advancement of
Science)
microvascular networks. Zhang et al. reported an origami-based microfolding strategy that enables the
formation of 3D morphable microelectronic systems using a wide range of material classes, including single
[144]
crystalline silicon, metallic nanomembranes, and polymers [Figure 3C] . Based on computational
modeling, they predesigned a folding host and constructed a folding pathway to fabricate a freestanding 3D
mesostructure with modulatory functionality and a complex configuration. This demonstrated the
development of miniaturized electronic devices for customizable telecommunication, which have significant
applicability in scenarios of limited design space and deformable carriers by fabricating mesoscale 3D
antennas with various folded states. Chen et al. reported that a 3D electronic device can be reconstructed
using the solvent-driven bistable structure of a silicon-oil extracted poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) sheet,
which acts as a substrate [Figure 3D] . The PDMS substrate exhibited snap-through and snap-back
[145]
behaviors by solvent stimulation, resulting in various bonding modes of the kirigami polyimide (PI) sheet