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providing an imperceptible lamination to the skin without discomfort. To our knowledge, this device is the
first to wirelessly read SCG data accurately without wires or rigid chips. The highly sensitive strain sensor in
the patch can measure heart vibrations in the chest and identify fiducial points corresponding to cardiac
events using inductive coupling. This stretchable thin-film sensor offers usefulness in ambulatory and
remote healthcare applications where mechano-acoustic signals are essential, such as arrhythmia detection
or obstructive sleep apnea. Future work will develop more sensors in the patch that would offer high-
amplitude signals from the atrial and mitral valves. A dense sensor array can also help to mitigate motion
artifacts by eliminating common noise elements. In addition, we will improve the breathability of our device
by permeating the substrate and using conductive meshes.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Conceptualization, software, formal analysis, investigation, writing - original draft: Guess M
Conceptualization, software, formal analysis, investigation, writing - review and editing: Soltis I, Rigo B
Software, formal analysis, writing - review and editing: Zavanelli N
Formal analysis, investigation: Kapasi S
Writing - review and editing: Kim H
Conceptualization, resources, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition: Yeo WH

Availability of data and materials
The raw data supporting the findings of this study are available from the authors upon reasonable request.

Financial support and sponsorship
We acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation/the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (grant NRI‐2024742). This study was partially supported by the IEN Center Grant from the
Georgia Tech Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology. Wearable devices in this work were fabricated
at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, a member of the National Nanotechnology
Coordinated Infrastructure, which is supported by the National Science Foundation (grant ECCS-2025462).
M.G. acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program
under Grant No. DGE-2039655.

Conflicts of interest
Yeo WH and Guess M have a patent pending at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Other authors declare
no competing financial or non-financial interests.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Experiments on human subjects were conducted with the approval of the Institutional Review Board of the
Georgia Institute of Technology Protocol H22289. All subjects provided informed consent.

Consent for publication
All subjects provided informed consent.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023.

REFERENCES
1. Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2023 update: a report from the american heart
association.