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Kim et al. Soft Sci 2023;3:18 Soft Science
DOI: 10.20517/ss.2023.08

Research Article Open Access

Injectable and tissue-conformable conductive

hydrogel for MRI-compatible brain-interfacing
electrodes

4,5
2,3
2,3
Sung Dong Kim 1,2,# , Kyuha Park 2,3,# , Sungjun Lee 2,3,# , Jeungeun Kum , Yewon Kim , Soojung An ,
4,5
Hyungmin Kim , Mikyung Shin 1,2,6,* , Donghee Son 2,3,7,*
1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
2
Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
3
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
4
Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of
Korea.
5
Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of
Korea.
6
Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of
Korea.
7
Department of Superintelligence Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
#
Authors contributed equally.
* Correspondence to: Prof. Mikyung Shin, Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS);
Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU); Department of Biomedical
Engineering, SKKU, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Gyeonggi-province, South Korea. E-mail:
mikyungshin@g.skku.edu; Prof. Donghee Son, Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS);
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU); Department of Superintelligence
Engineering, SKKU, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Gyeonggi-province, South Korea. E-mail:
daniel3600@g.skku.edu
How to cite this article: Kim SD, Park K, Lee S, Kum J, Kim Y, An S, Kim H, Shin M, Son D. Injectable and tissue-conformable
conductive hydrogel for MRI-compatible brain-interfacing electrodes. Soft Sci 2023;3:18.
https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.08
Received: 21 Feb 2023 First Decision: 7 Apr 2023 Revised: 9 May 2023 Accepted: 10 May 2023 Published: 25 May 2023
Academic Editor: Yihui Zhang Copy Editor: Dong-Li Li Production Editor: Dong-Li Li

Abstract
The development of flexible and stretchable materials has led to advances in implantable bio-integrated electronic
devices that can sense physiological signals or deliver electrical stimulation to various organs in the human body.
Such devices are particularly useful for neural interfacing systems that monitor neurodegenerative diseases such as
Parkinson’s disease or epilepsy in real time. However, coupling current brain-interfacing devices with magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) remains a practical challenge due to resonance frequency variations from inorganic

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