Page 65 - Read Online

Al-Sammarraie et al. Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2021;8:53-63 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2347-8659.2020.34 Page 61

of figures: Al-Sammarraie N, Ray SK
Approved the final version to be published: Al-Sammarraie N, Ray SK

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
The work was supported, in part, by an investigator-initiated research grant (SCIRF-2015-I-01) from the
South Carolina Spinal Cord Injury Research Fund (Columbia, SC, USA), an award from the Soy Health
Research Program (SHRP, United Soybean Board, Chesterfield, MO, USA), and earlier R01 grants (CA-
091460 and NS-057811) from the National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, MD, USA).

Conflicts of interest
Both authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2021.

REFERENCES
1. Singh A, Tetreault L, Kalsi-Ryan S, Nouri A, Fehlings MG. Global prevalence and incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury. Clin
Epidemiol 2014;6:309-31.
2. Musubire AK, Meya DB, Bohjanen PR, Katabira ET, Barasukana P, et al. A systematic review of non-traumatic spinal cord injuries in
sub-Saharan Africa and a proposed diagnostic algorithm for resource-limited settings. Front Neurol 2017;8:618.
3. Hagen EM, Rekand T, Gilhus NE, Grønning M. Traumatic spinal cord injuries - incidence, mechanisms and course. Tidsskr Nor
Laegeforen 2012;132:831-7.
4. van Middendorp JJ, Goss B, Urquhart S, Atresh S, Williams RP, et al. Diagnosis and prognosis of traumatic spinal cord injury. Global
Spine J 2011;1:1-8.
5. Simon F, Oberhuber A. Ischemia and reperfusion injury of the spinal cord: experimental strategies to examine postischemic paraplegia.
Neural Regen Res 2016;11:414-5.
6. Marsala M, Sorkin LS, Yaksh TL. Transient spinal ischemia in rat: characterization of spinal cord blood flow, extracellular amino acid
release, and concurrent histopathological damage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1994;14:604-14.
7. Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Traumatic spinal cord injury: an overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury
mechanisms. Front Neurol 2019;10:282.
8. Hassannejad Z, Shakouri-Motlagh A, Mokhatab M, Zadegan SA, Sharif-Alhoseini M, et al. Oligodendrogliogenesis and axon
remyelination after traumatic spinal cord injuries in animal studies: a systematic review. Neuroscience 2019;402:37-50.
9. Carlson SL, Parrish ME, Springer JE, Doty K, Dossett L. Acute inflammatory response in spinal cord following impact injury. Exp
Neurol 1998;151:77-88.
10. Li N, Leung GK. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells in spinal cord injury: a review and update. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015:235195.
11. Arnold SA, Hagg T. Anti-inflammatory treatments during the chronic phase of spinal cord injury improve locomotor function in adult
mice. J Neurotrauma 2011;28:1995-2002.
12. Ray SK, Hogan EL, Banik NL. Calpain in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury: neuroprotection with calpain inhibitors. Brain Res
Rev 2003;42:169-85.
13. Ray SK, Samantaray S, Smith JA, Matzelle DD, Das A, Banik NL. Inhibition of cysteine proteases in acute and chronic spinal cord
injury. Neurotherapeutics 2011;8:180-6.
14. Plemel JR, Keough MB, Duncan GJ, Sparling JS, Yong VW, et al. Remyelination after spinal cord injury: is it a target for repair? Prog
Neurobiol 2014;117:54-72.
15. Wang RN, Green J, Wang Z, Deng Y, Qiao M, et al. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in development and human diseases.
Genes Dis 2014;1:87-105.