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Masiero et al. Mini-invasive Surg 2020;4:71  I  http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2020.56                                   Page 3 of 12

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               Figure 1. Underlying mechanisms of functional MR in HFrEF (A) and HFpEF (B). In HFpEF aortic stenosis may be one of the underlying
               conditions causing LV impaired relaxation and reduced shortening contraction. Other frequent conditions are diabetes mellitus and
               myocardial ischemic disease. Another possible condition is atrial fibrillation which, instead, directly causes LA functional and structural
               remodelling. MR: mitral regurgitation; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; Ao: aorta
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