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Pecoraro et al. Mini-invasive Surg 2024;8:25 Mini-invasive Surgery
DOI: 10.20517/2574-1225.2023.134

Review Open Access

3D augmented reality-guided robotic partial

nephrectomy

Angela Pecoraro 1,2 , Federico Piramide 3,4 , Daniele Amparore 2,3
1
Department of Urology, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Verona 37019, Italy.
2
European Association of Urology (EAU) Young Academic Urologists (YAU) Renal Cancer Working Group, Arnhem 30016, the
Netherlands.
3
Department of Urology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Turin 10043, Italy.
4
European Association of Urology Young Academic Urologists Robotic Surgery Working Group, Arnhem 30016, the Netherlands.
Correspondence to: Dr. Angela Pecoraro, Department of Urology, Pederzoli Hospital, Via Monte Baldo, 24, Verona 37019, Italy.
E-mail: pecoraroangela@libero.it
How to cite this article: Pecoraro A, Piramide F, Amparore D. 3D augmented reality-guided robotic partial nephrectomy. Mini-
invasive Surg 2024;8:25. https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2023.134

Received: 10 Dec 2023 First Decision: 13 Jun 2024 Revised: 4 Sep 2024 Accepted: 24 Sep 2024 Published: 2 Nov 2024
Academic Editor: Richard Naspro Copy Editor: Pei-Yun Wang Production Editor: Pei-Yun Wang

Abstract
The present study aims to provide a contemporary overview of the use of augmented reality (AR) in robotic renal
surgery from the renal pedicle management to the demolition and reconstructive phases thanks also to the
preoperative planning obtained with three-dimensional virtual models (3DVMs). Recently, the increasing use of
the robotic approach extends the indication to partial nephrectomy also in cases of complex or large renal masses
and maximizing functional and surgical outcomes. With this goal, new imaging technologies have increased in
popularity, especially for laparoscopic and robotic approaches. In this scenario, hyper-accuracy 3DVMs of the
kidney and tumor, based on computed tomography (CT) scans, have been developed as a new tool for
preoperative planning and intraoperative surgical navigation via AR technology. However, a standardized
production process of 3DVMs and dedicated guidelines on their use and application are still needed. A recent
systematic review and metanalysis has shed light on the impact of 3D models on minimally-invasive nephron-
sparing surgery (NSS). Specifically, lower rates of global ischemia and collecting system violation were observed
within AR-robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN). However, these rates did not translate into significant
improvements in terms of oncological or functional outcomes. This review provides a contemporary overview of
the use of AR in robotic renal surgery from the renal pedicle management to the demolition and reconstructive
phases thanks also to the preoperative planning obtained with 3DVMs.
Keywords: Nephron-sparing surgery, trifecta, renal cell carcinoma, three-dimensional models

© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as
long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and
indicate if changes were made.

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