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The decision-making system based on learning from patient databases, controlled and verified in every
degree and iteration of its development, was developed by a group of outstanding professionals such as
the well-known IBM Watson computer. Unfortunately, its skills, despite the enormous computing power,
are still no better than a good doctor. Watson has now obtained approval for decisions regarding selected
oncological diseases (by analyzing data from 200,000 correctly identified patients, he can make decisions
with an accuracy of up to 97%, but only for a few diseases for now). However, Watson’s difficulties indicate
that entering into a live partnership during operations is still a long way off. Artificial intelligence can
contribute to reducing errors, improving standards and the quality of performed operations, and increasing
patient safety.

1. Indirectly, passively as the basis for the work of the advisory system when planning and performing
operations.
2. Indirectly - as an element of surgical telemanipulator or mechatronic tools.
3. Directly - as the basis for the operation of an autonomous surgical robot.

Improving the decision making process is always associated with access to good, reliable and timely
information. The surgeon manually performing a classic operation uses information from all his senses.
The surgeon loses access to all this information by moving away from the patient during surgery. For
instance, in endoscopic instruments with a distance of about half a meter and with telemanipulators over a
distance of several meters or many kilometers.

Medical robots
The segment of medical robot systems (in market analyses) is divided into surgical robot systems,
rehabilitation robots, non-invasive radio surgical robots, hospital and pharmacy robots and other medical
robot systems. The following companies are present on the market: Intuitive Surgical, Inc. (USA), Stryker
Corporation (USA), Mazor Robotics Ltd. (Israel), Hocoma AG (Switzerland), Hansen Medical Inc. (USA),
Accuray Incorporated (USA), Omnicell, Inc. (USA), Ekso Bionics Holdings, Inc. (USA), ARxIUM (USA),
Kirby Lester LLC (USA), Houston Medical Robotics (USA), Otto Bock Healthcare, Kinova robotics, Varian
Medical Systems, Hocoma AG, Vecna Robotics, Globus Medical, IRobot Corporation, Titan Medical, Inc.,
and KB Medical SA.

Medical robotics has been the most successful so far in the field of surgical and rehabilitation robots
(including exoskeletons). The robot leader on the soft tissue telemanipulator market is the da Vinci robot
(Intuitive Surgical). Five thousand robots are currently used in approximately 1 million operations per
year, mainly urological and gynecological. New surgical robots appear, e.g., ALF-X (USA), Titan (Canada),
and in other areas such as Virtual Incision, TransEnterix (SurgiBot, Senhence robot-assisted surgical
system), Coridus Vascular Robotics (cardiological robot, CorPath GRX) or Artas (robot platform for hair
implantation) and endoscopic Monarch (Auris Health) and orthopedic Renaissance (Mazor Robotics).
Medtronic introduced surgical HUGO (Einstein), and Medrobotics - FLEX - flexible endoscopic robotic
tools.

Corindus, producer of CorPath GRX platform, received permission from the United States Food and Drug
[11]
Administration (FDA) for the first automated robot movement called “Rotate on Retract (RoR)” in 2018 .
This is the first step towards introducing autonomous robot operations.

Telemaniplators allow remote-controlled operations from different distances. However, there is a
distance-dependent delay in transmission of operation images to the surgeon that can be dangerous.
[12]
Most researchers consider 300 ms as the limit in delay time . The implementation of 5G technology
[13]
will overcome barriers and reduce the delay of 0.27 s to 0.01 s and also improve image quality .
Worldwide, about 143 million surgical procedures are not performed due to the lack of knowledge of