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Page 4 of 16 Nawrat. Mini-invasive Surg 2020;4:28 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2020.08

Like humans, the knowledge and skills of robots result from education, experience and usable memory.
As with human verification, optimization must be associated with the elimination of wrong decisions and
deeds. AI robots can get knowledge from people - this is the first level of learning in robots. If we pass on
a collection of information about how it is or how we think it is, then the robot will make decisions that
are perhaps burdened with our mistakes. If we teach the robot to read information (measurable data) from
sensors and provide algorithms for the formation of correct decisions based on this information, we will
achieve an automated device. If we allow it to modify decisions and actions and assess their effects, we will
have a self-learning system that can make decisions different from those that we consider as appropriate.
Many of us have already been refused a loan in a bank on a similar basis. But, if we give the robot design
features based on human, but with additional motion capabilities, we can achieve much better “manual”
function than humans. If we give the robot tools and greater efficiency and accessibility to the areas of the
human body that we operate on, tissues, cells or genes - then we get a surgical robot with practical skills
that are not accessible by humans.

Robots (Cobots) interacting with people change the way many professions perform. Robots create
the possibility of standardization and constant improvement of quality through learning (AI) and
communication with a professional information network (professional databases and management systems)
as well as with other medical devices (diagnostic, therapeutic, rehabilitation), and also elements of hospital
infrastructure.

Why do we need artificial intelligence in mini-invasive surgery?
Man is only as good and useful as his senses allow. Similarly, a robot that is created in the image of a human
being, by definition, cannot do more advanced work if it has a limited number of sensors, or lacks the
processing of sufficient information to make the right decisions. After all, robots are all about doing work
and in surgery, it is all about decision-making and mechanical work.

Suppose, in favor of these considerations, that (1) intelligence is a certain ability to make decisions
independently, based on the analysis of signals (senses) that determine the state of the environment and
the possibility of the subject’s impact (the surgeon using his tools) based on basic knowledge of the entire
system (memory) that was developed during the learning process (system evolution by verification and
optimization of goal achievement); (2) surgery is an action of removing the effects of a disease, birth
defects or injury (bodily injury due to various reasons), the action of mechanically modifying the structure
of tissues and organs (surgery) and/or the introduction of natural or artificial elements to replace parts of
the body or supporting proper bodily functions (passive or active, artificial and biotechnological implants -
e.g., stem cells and devices for physical, and mechanical, electrical or chemical stimulation of tissues).

We treat the human body as a biological, physical, chemical and biocybernetic (IT) system. Why is
artificial intelligence important in medicine? First of all, decision-making plays a key role in every medical
process. Based on the analysis of diagnostic data and medical history, the treatment process begins and
its effectiveness is verified in the next step. The basis of evolutionary progress is the process of learning,
remembering and disseminating standards. In medicine, the possibility of direct proof is very rare. Usually,
the number of unknowns does not allow building full cause-and-effect knowledge to define the possibilities
of our therapeutic effects. We do not have the theory of the whole organism, nor do we have the theory of
one or another disease, similar to the theories of physics. That is why the doctor makes decisions based on
random diagnostic data (and not a full description of the whole organism) and in the treatment specialties
such as surgery, the role of sensory assessment (sight, touch, smell, hearing) and manual skills increases
(due to the speed of action and real risk).