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[119]
[121]
RNAs , short hairpin RNAs , and long non-coding RNAs . Different examples of RNA-based drugs,
[109]
either in preclinical or clinical trials, can be shown in Table 1.
However, despite the greater functional ability of lncRNAs, there has not been any attempt to formulate
lncRNA-based drugs, and they have not entered clinical trials. Nonetheless, lncRNAs have been used as a
therapeutic target in many studies [122,123] . The complications that can face the development of lncRNA-based
drugs are the sequence variation in lncRNA sequences that is present between humans and animal models
used for experimentation , the variation of the subcellular localization of lncRNAs, which requires
[137]
different silencing strategies with varying effectiveness [138,139] , the limited knowledge about the structural
complexity of lncRNAs , and the immunogenicity of some RNAs, which may elicit pro-inflammatory
[121]
responses and diminish therapeutic efficacy [143,144] . Additionally, the presence of off-target effects poses a risk
[106]
of causing adverse effects in patients . Toxicity-related concerns arise from undesirable off-target effects
or on-target non-specific effects [149,152] . Lastly, the choice of an appropriate delivery method is a critical
consideration in developing lncRNA-based therapeutics .
[106]

Finally, we conclude that lncRNA research is still in progress and that there is a huge potential in the field of
lncRNA therapeutics, either as drug targets or lncRNA-based drugs, which can alter the way we understand
and treat both common and rare diseases.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Carried out the review’s conceptualization and design: Kamal A, El-Nahrery EM, Swellam M, Shalaby NM,
Darwish MK
Drafted the manuscript: Kamal A, El-Nahrery EM
Reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content: Swellam M
The final manuscript that will be published has been read and approved by all authors.

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2024.

REFERENCES
1. Malik B, Feng FY. Long noncoding RNAs in prostate cancer: overview and clinical implications. Asian J Androl 2016;18:568-74.
DOI PubMed PMC