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Figure 11. The t-SNE visualization on the dataset with primary labels of unfused defects and sublabels of lightness. t-SNE: t-Distributed
stochastic neighbor embedding.
Figure 12. The t-SNE visualization on pruned dataset. (A) performance on training set and validation set; (B) performance on test set.
t-SNE: t-Distributed stochastic neighbor embedding.
features of the weld are incorporated into the model to enhance prediction accuracy. Furthermore, various
advanced image processing techniques are employed to efficiently identify and extract the geometric
features of the welding arc. The Supplementary Materials provide access to the programs utilized for
