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Zhang et al. J Mater Inf 2024;4:34  https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jmi.2024.64      Page 7 of 28











































                Figure 3. The structure of BPNN to predict weld seam thickness based on the input of technological parameters and arc geometric
                features. BPNN: Backpropagation neural network.































                         Figure 4. The structure of ResNet34 and the residual block structure for welding unfused defect classification.

               architecture significantly reduces computational demands while preserving performance and minimizing
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