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Page 10 of 25 Meng et al. J. Mater. Inf. 2025, 5, 3 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jmi.2024.74

Table 2. Summary of the metal atoms other than Mo/Fe/V-based SACs towards NRR
System Limiting potential/V Reaction mechanism Year of publication
Ni@Ti NO 2 -0.13 Enzymatic-distal 2021 [24]
2
[37]
Mn@BM-β -0.32 Distal 2021
12
Ta@BM-β -0.38 Enzymatic
12
Cr@BM-β 12 -0.48 Enzymatic
[38]
V@BM-α -0.22 Enzymatic 2022
[40]
Gr /N -G -0.75 Distal-to-alternating hybrid 2019
1
3
Nb/g-CN -0.42 Distal 2020 [42]
Ta/g-CN -0.35 Distal
W/g-CN -0.29 Distal
Re/g-CN -0.39 Distal
Ru/CeO -S -0.35 Distal 2019 [48]
2
[52]
Ta@BN -0.59 Enzymatic 2020
Ti@g-C N 4 -0.84 Alternating 2023 [54]
3
[70]
Ru/B α-sheet -0.58 Distal 2019
Ru/B β -sheet -0.60 Distal
12
Pt/g-C N 4 -0.24 Alternating 2019 [71]
3
[72]
W@g-C N -0.35 Enzymatic 2018
3 4
Mn/g-C N 10 -0.295 Distal 2023 [73]
9
[74]
Co/N -Gr -0.53 Enzymatic 2019
3
Nb/BP -0.25 Enzymatic 2021 [75]
W/BP -0.19 Enzymatic
[78]
Fe–B N /G -0.65 Distal 2021
2
2
V-N @Gra -0.44 Consecutive 2022 [79]
4
Ta-N @Gra -0.49 Distal
4
V-O N @Gra -0.40 Consecutive
1
3
α
V-O N @Gra -0.42 Consecutive
2 2
β
V-O N @Gra -0.44 Consecutive
2
2
γ
V-O N @Gra -0.38 Consecutive
2 2
V-O N @Gra -0.39 Consecutive
3
1
Mo-O N @Gra -0.48 Distal
3 1
V-O @Gra -0.43 Consecutive
4
Ru-O @Gra -0.43 Distal
4
[80]
V-S @Gr -0.00 Mixed 2023
3
V-S C@Gr -0.17 Mixed
2
[82]
Ti@CN -0.38 Enzymatic 2021
Nb@P -Ars -0.52 Distal 2021 [83]
3
[84]
Ta@g-C N -0.27 Distal 2022
7 3
W@g-C N 3 -0.06 Alternating
7
[85]
Mn@GY -0.36 Distal 2021
U@N C -0.46 Enzymatic 2022 [86]
1 2
Consecutive
SACs: Single-atom catalysts; NRR: nitrogen reduction reaction; BM-β : metal-doped β-borophene; BM-α: metal-doped α-borophene; N -G: N-
12
3
doped graphene; g-CN: graphitic carbon nitride with the CN stoichiometric ratio; CeO -S: stepped CeO ; BN: hexagonal boron nitride; g-C N :
2 2 3 4
graphitic carbon nitride with the C N stoichiometric ratio; B α-sheet: boron α-sheet; B β-sheet: boron β-sheet; g-C N : graphitic carbon nitride
3 4 9 10
with the C N stoichiometric ratio; N -Gr: N-doped graphene; BP: defective boron phosphide monolayer with B-monovacancy; Fe-B N /G: B
2
2
10
3
9
doped Fe-N-C catalysts; TM-O N @Gra: transition metals anchored on N/O-codoped graphene; V-S @Gr: V-archored S-doped graphene; CN:
y
x
3
graphitic carbon nitride with the CN stoichiometric ratio; P -Ars: P -doped defective arsenene; C N : graphitic carbon nitride with the C N
3 3 7 3 7 3
stoichiometric ratio; GY: graphyne; U@N C : U-archored nitrogen-carbon based catalysts.
1 2
[92]
[91]
Mo @C N , and binuclear Mo on N-doped nanoporous graphene (Mo -N-C) . Recently, Zhang et al.
2
2
2
revealed that the presence of a second metal atom not only modulates the electronic structure but also