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Monaco et al. J Environ Expo Assess 2024;3:18 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2024.10 Page 7 of 18

Table 2. Small and large intestine morphology of piglets supplemented orally with 0 (CON), 20 (DEHP20), or 200 (DEHP200) mg
DEHP/kg BW
Treatment groups
CON DEHP20 DEHP200 P-value
Duodenum
Villus length (μm) 547 ± 36 543 ± 25 594 ± 28 0.42
2
Villus area (mm ) 67.0 ± 5.2 69.1 ± 4.3 74.8 ± 6.0 0.56
Crypt depth (μm) 250 ± 5.0 245 ± 10 276 ± 12 0.07
2
Crypt area (mm ) 12.6 ± 0.9 11.5 ± 0.7 13.1 ± 0.9 0.39
Jejunum
a a b
Villus length (μm) 557 ± 16 569 ± 22 476 ± 26 0.013
2 a,b,* a b
Villus area (mm ) 63.8 ± 2.8 70.1 ± 4.4 52.2 ± 5.0 0.019
Crypt depth (μm) 160 ± 5.0 a,b 143 ± 7.9 a 170 ± 7.4 b 0.039
2 a b a
Crypt area (mm ) 6.5 ± 0.3 5.2 ± 0.4 6.8 ± 0.6 0.027
Ileum
Villus length (μm) 435 ± 21 427 ± 10 415 ± 16 0.70
2
Villus area (mm ) 46.6 ± 3.8 44.8 ± 1.8 43.4 ± 1.9 0.71
Crypt depth (μm) 179 ± 7.5 172 ± 5.7 169 ± 3.4 0.50
2
Crypt area (mm ) 6.7 ± 0.3 6.3 ± 0.1 6.5 ± 0.2 0.31
Ascending colon
Crypt depth (μm) 285 ± 15 262 ± 8.3 256 ± 6.7 0.15
2
Crypt area (mm ) 15.7 ± 1.2 13.3 ± 0.8 14.1 ± 0.6 0.18
*
Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Different letters superscripts in a row indicate differences at P < 0.05. Statistical difference between
DEHP200 and CON jejunum villus area reached a trend level at P = 0.06. n = 8 per group. DEHP: Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; BW: body weight;
SEM: standard error of the means.

Figure 2. Urinary metabolite concentration in piglets administered 0 (CON), 20 (DEHP20) or 200 (DEHP200) mg DEHP/kg BW/day
on PND23. Values are means ± SEM. Different letters superscripts for each metabolite indicate statistical differences at P < 0.0001. n =
8 per group. MEHHP: Mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate; MEHP: mono-(2-ethyl-5-hexyl) phthalate; MEOHP: mono-(2-ethyl-5-
oxohexyl) phthalate; MECPP: mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate; DEHP: di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; BW: body weight; SEM:
standard error of the means.