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Hammel et al. J Environ Expo Assess 2024;3:8 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2023.51 Page 7 of 17

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of PBDEs in milk and dust
Breast milk (n = 40) House dust (n = 47)
ng/g lipid ng/g dry weight
Chemical % Detect Mean Median Range % Detect Mean Median Range
BDE-17 85 0.035 0.024 < 0.014-0.13 60 0.36 0.22 < 0.022-3.09
BDE-28 85 0.076 0.047 < 0.036-0.43 83 0.66 0.35 < 0.022-6.63
BDE-49 43 0.039 n.a. < 0.012-0.13 79 1.18 0.67 < 0.022-8.09
BDE-71 0 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0 n.a. n.a. n.a.
BDE-47 100 1.20 0.61 0.19-9.92 100 35.4 13.7 1.12-316
BDE-66 38 0.021 n.a. < 0.008-0.042 96 1.34 0.75 < 0.082-6.17
BDE-77 0 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0 n.a. n.a. n.a.
BDE-100 95 0.45 0.23 < 0.10-8.14 100 8.56 3.53 0.270-60.0
BDE-99 100 0.28 0.18 0.065-1.48 100 44.7 19.2 1.27-325
BDE-85 18 0.031 n.a. < 0.013-0.10 89 1.80 0.78 < 0.024-13.5
$
BDE-154 98 0.21 0.15 < 0.095-0.81 96 3.85 1.83 < 0.029-26.5
BDE-153 100 1.55 0.79 0.44-25.3 98 5.98 2.71 < 0.057-45.7
BDE-183 30 0.054 n.a. < 0.023-0.43 100 7.19 4.14 0.36-31.2
BDE-197 58 0.098 0.046 < 0.051-0.28 100 3.56 2.14 0.27-15.3
BDE-203 3 n.a. n.a. n.a. 100 2.38 1.84 0.30-13.5
BDE-208 35 0.058 n.a. < 0.022-0.47 87 8.12 2.92 < 0.55-175
BDE-207 43 0.13 na.a < 0.045-1.21 94 22.8 5.47 < 0.95-628
BDE-206 3 n.a. n.a. n.a. 96 65.2 12.0 < 1.95-2,220
BDE-209 95 2.70 0.53 < 0.061-49.8 100 2641 432 54.5-79,800
∑PBDE * 100 3.73 2.21 0.98-45.2 100 105 53.6 4.64-672
6
$
*∑PBDE : ∑BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -154, and -183; co-eluting with BB-153.
6
Table 2. Descriptive statistics of NBFRs, HBCDD and Dechlorane Plus in milk and dust
Breast milk (n = 37) House dust (n = 43 )
a
ng/g lipid ng/g dry weight
Chemical % Detect Mean Median Range % Detect Mean Median Range
DPTE 91 0.13 0.11 < 0.028-0.34 93 1.36 0.99 < 0.21-5.76
EH-TBB 43 0.12 n.a. < 0.018-0.60 100 12.0 6.26 1.75-89.1
BTBPE 100 0.087 0.064 0.026-0.28 100 31.7 7.23 2.15-293
b
BEH-TEBP 100 0.92 0.78 0.53-1.50 100 39.1 26.7 1.79-200
DBDPE 19 0.21 n.a. < 0.088-2.06 100 141 86.2 10.4-801
Syn-DP 49 0.062 n.a. < 0.008-0.44 98 9.77 1.57 < 0.21-332
Anti-DP 84 0.13 0.073 < 0.022-1.85 100 8.23 4.54 0.55-54.3
α - HBCDD 100 0.53 0.24 0.11-5.68 100 140 92.1 11.4-548
β - HBCDD 6 0.051 n.a. n.a. 100 52.4 32.1 5.52-293
γ - HBCDD 65 0.10 0.051 < 0.020-1.13 100 431 177 18.8-3,310
a b
in one sample it was not possible to quantify BEH-TBEP, DBDPE, Syn- and Anti-DP due an interference in the chromatogram; only measured in 5
samples with different clean-up technology because BEH-TEBP degraded in the acid treatment.

and Tanzania have analyzed DPTE in breast milk samples, and while concentrations seem similar, detection
frequencies were much lower (< 50%) [25,69,70] ; however, this may be highly method-dependent. Given that
Given that manufacture and distribution data is unknown, it is unclear why DPTE is still wide-spread in
environmental and human samples, with relatively high concentrations in this study, similar in
concentration to BDE-99.