Page 579 - Read Online

Cordover et al. J Cancer Metastasis Treat 2020;6:45 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2020.101 Page 15 of 19

individual patient will contribute to a long-sought goal of developing individualized cancer treatments for
each patient.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Busch Biomedical Grant and the New Jersey Health Foundation for providing
support for the lab.

Authors’ contributions
Did the majority of the writing for this manuscript: Cordover E
Helped with the planning of the article, some of the writing, and editing: Minden A

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
Financial support for the lab and for Emma Cordover’s work was from the Busch Biomedical Grant, the
New Jersey Health Foundation Grant, and the Aresty Research Center.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2020.

REFERENCES
1. Lemmon MA, Schlessinger J. Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell 2010; 141:1117-34.
2. Ghosh S, Marrocco I, Yarden Y. Roles for receptor tyrosine kinases in tumor progression and implications for cancer treatment. Adv
Cancer Res 2020;147:1-57.
3. Du Z, Lovly CM. Mechanisms of receptor tyrosine kinase activation in cancer. Mol Cancer 2018;17:58.
4. Simanshu DK, Nissley DV, McCormick F. RAS proteins and their regulators in human disease. Cell 2017;170:17-33.
5. Braicu C, Buse M, Busuioc C, et al. A comprehensive review on MAPK: a promising therapeutic target in cancer. Cancers 2019;11:1618.
6. Whitmarsh AJ. Regulation of gene transcription by mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta
2007:1773:1285-98.
7. Chappell WH, Steelman LS, Long JM, et al. Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR inhibitors: rationale and importance to
inhibiting these pathways in human health. Oncotarget 2011;2:135-64.
8. Mendoza MC, Er EE, Blenis J. The Ras-ERK and PI3K-mTOR pathways: cross-talk and compensation. Trends Biochem Sci
2011;36:320-8.
9. Cargnello M, Roux PP. Activation and function of the MAPKs and their substrates, the MAPK-activated protein kinases. Microbiol Mol
Biol Rev 2011;75:50-83.
10. Dhillon AS, Hagan S, Rath O, Kolch W. MAP kinase signalling pathways in cancer. Oncogene 2007;26:3279-90.
11. McCubrey JA, Steelman LS, Chappell WH, et al. Roles of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in cell growth, malignant transformation and drug
resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007;1773:1263-84.
12. Santarpia L, Lippman SM, El-Naggar AK. Targeting the MAPK-RAS-RAF signaling pathway in cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther
Targets 2012;16:103-19.
13. Novotny CJ, Hamilton GL, McCormick F, Shokat KM. Farnesyltransferase-mediated delivery of a covalent inhibitor overcomes