Page 66 - Read Online
P. 66

tumor cell implantation and the origin of implanted cells:   4.   Goebell  PJ, Knowles MA. Bladder  cancer  or  bladder  cancers?
           traditional cell lines, primary cell culture, patient-derived   Genetically  distinct malignant  conditions of the  urothelium.  Urol
           tumor fragments, or tumor cells suspension.  These    Oncol Semin Orig Investig 2010;28:409-28.
           factors influence tumor heterogeneity and the ability to   5.   Burger M, Catto JW, Dalbagni G, Grossman HB, Herr H, Karakiewicz
           model human tumor identity and behavior. [48]  Moreover,   P, Kassouf  W, Kiemeney  LA, La  Vecchia  C, Shariat  S, Lotan  Y.
           a greater understanding of UBC molecular biology has   Epidemiology and risk factors of urothelial bladder cancer. Eur Urol
           enabled  the  development  of  genetically  engineered   2013;63:234-41.
           mouse models that recapitulate genetic abnormalities   6.   Druckrey H, Preussmann R, Ivankovic S, Schmidt CH, Mennel HD,
           of human tumors and allow the study of individually   Stahl KW. Selective induction of bladder cancer in rats by Dibutyl- and
           altered genes in tumor behavior and response to therapy   N-Butyl-N-butanol (4)-nitrosamine.Z Krebsforsch 1964;66:280-90.
           in vivo. These models are created by knock out or knock   7.   Soloway MS.  Single and combination chemotherapy  for primary
           in of genes involved in transformation or malignancy   murine bladder cancer. Cancer 1975;36:333-40.
           such as HRAS, EGFR, TP53, PTEN, or RB as reviewed   8.   Toyoshima K, Ito N, Hiasa  Y, Kamamoto  Y, Makiura S.  Tissue
           elsewhere. [49]  These models provide a useful platform to   culture of urinary bladder tumor induced in a rat by N-Butyl-N-(-4-
           study genetic events associated with tumor development   Hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine: establishment of cell line, nara bladder
           and progression without losing tumor microenvironment   tumor. J Natl Cancer Inst 1971;47:979-85.
           and the immune system of the host. However, they can   9.   Xiao Z, McCallum TJ, Brown KM, Miller GG, Halls SB, Parney I,
           fail to reproduce tumor heterogeneity and the genetic   Moore RB. Characterization of a novel transplantable orthotopic rat
           complexity  of  human  tumors,  which  influence  tumor   bladder transitional cell tumour model. Br J Cancer 1999;81:638-46.
           progression and metastasis. More recently, animal   10.  Chan ES, Patel AR, Smith AK, Klein JB,  Thomas AA, Heston WD,
           models with functional immune systems are gaining     Larchian WA. Optimizing orthotopic bladder tumor implantation in a
           attention as a platform to test emerging immunotherapies   syngeneic mouse model. J Urol 2009;182:2926-31.
           such as anti-programmed death ligand-1. [50]       11.  Palmeira C, Oliveira PA, Lameiras C, Amaro T, Silva VM, Lopes C,
                                                                 Santos L. Biological similarities between murine chemical-induced
           Despite  the  numerous  existing  UBC  models,  some   and natural human bladder carcinogenesis. Oncol Lett 2010;1:373-7.
           mechanisms  underlying  the  pathophysiology  of  these   12.  Oliveira PA, Colaço A, De La Cruz P LF, Lopes C. Experimental
           tumors remains unknown, such as in the case of        bladder carcinogenesis-rodent models. ExpOncol 2006;28:2-11.
           Schistosome-related UBC. This is mainly due to the lack   13.  Oliveira PA, Palmeira C, Colaço A, De La Cruz P LF, Lopes C. DNA
           of a tractable animal model. Hsieh et al. have developed   content analysis, expression of Ki-67 and p53 in rat urothelial lesions
           a mouse model of S. haematobium urinary tract infection   induced  by  N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)  nitrosamine  and  treated
           after microinjection of purified S. haematobium eggs into   with  mitomycin  C  and  Bacillus  Calmette-Gue′rin.  Anticancer  Res
           the urothelial bladder wall. [51]  This model recapitulates   2006;26:2995-3004.
           several aspects of human urothelial schistosomiasis   14.  Dyrskjøt L, Kruhøffer M, Thykjaer T, Marcussen N, Jensen JL, Møller
           however, the development of infection-associated UBC   K, Ørntoft TF. Gene expression in the urinary bladder: a common
           was not reported and remains to be explored.          carcinoma  in situ  gene  expression  signature  exists  disregarding
                                                                 histopathological classification. Cancer Res 2004;64:4040-8.
           Financial support and sponsorship                  15.  Williams PD, Lee JK, Theodorescu D. Molecular credentialing of
           CB thanks the FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia)   rodent bladder carcinogenesis models. Neoplasia 2008;10:838-46.
           for the PhD scholarship SFRH/ BD/80855/2011.       16.  Fichtner I, Slisow W, Gill J, Becker M, Elbe B, Hillebrand T, Bibby
                                                                 M. Anticancer drug response and expression of molecular markers
           Conflicts of interest                                 in early-passage xenotransplanted colon carcinomas. Eur J Cancer
           There are no conflicts of interest.                   2004;40:298-307.
                                                              17.  Rubio-Viqueira B, Hidalgo M. Direct in vivo xenograft tumor model
           REFERENCES                                            for predicting  chemotherapeutic  drug response in cancer patients.
                                                                 Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009;85:217-21.
           1.   Witjes JA, Compérat E, Cowan NC, De Santis M, Gakis G, Lebret   18.  Dong X, Guan J, English JC, Flint J, Yee J, Evans K, Murray N,
               T, Ribal MJ, Van der Heijden AG, Sherif A. European Association of   Macaulay C, Ng RT, Gout PW, Lam WL, Laskin J, Ling V, Lam S,
               Urology. EAU guidelines on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder   Wang  Y.  Patient-derived  first  generation  xenografts  of  non-small
               cancer: summary of the 2013 guidelines. Eur Urol 2014;65:778-92.  cell lung cancers: promising tools for predicting drug responses for
           2.   Sievert KD, Amend B, Nagele U, Schilling D, Bedke J, Horstmann   personalized chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2010;16:1442-51.
               M, Hennenlotter J, Kruck S, Stenzl A. Economic aspects of bladder   19.  Hidalgo  M, Bruckheimer  E,  Rajeshkumar  NV, Garrido-Laguna
               cancer: what are the benefits and costs? World J Urol 2009;27:295-300.  I, De Oliveira E, Rubio-Viqueira B, Strawn S,  Wick MJ,  Martell
           3.   Netto GJ. Molecular  biomarkers in urothelial  carcinoma  of the   J, Sidransky D.  A pilot clinical  study of treatment  guided by
               bladder: are we there yet? Nat Rev Urol 2012;9:41-51. Goebell PJ,   personalized  tumorgrafts  in  patients  with  advanced  cancer.  Mol
               Knowles MA. Bladder cancer or bladder cancers? enetically distinct    Cancer Ther 2011;10:1311-6.
               malignant  conditions  of the  urothelium.  Urol  Oncol  Semin Orig   20.  Bernardo C, Costa C, Amaro T, Gonçalves M, Lopes P, Freitas R,
               Investig 2010;28:409-28.                          Gärtner F, Amado F, Ferreira JA, Santos L. Patient-derived Sialyl-

            56
                                                                                                     Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment  ¦ Volume 2 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ February 29, 2016 ¦
   61   62   63   64   65   66   67   68   69   70   71