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Micro RNA (miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA related Esophageal A, Barrett’s Esophagus Registry C, Chow WH,
to post-transcriptional gene expression and silencing. Murray LJ, Gammon MD, Liu G, Bernstein L, Casson AG,
Generally, up-regulation of oncogenic-miRNA or Risch HA, Shaheen NJ, Bird NC, Reid BJ, Corley DA,
down-regulation of tumor-suppressor miRNA is identifi ed Hardie LJ, Ye W, Wu AH, Zucchelli M, Spector TD, Hysi P,
Vaughan TL, Whiteman DC, MacGregor S, investigators
as tumor-related miRNAs. Mir-21 up-regulation has Bs. Germline genetic contributions to risk for esophageal
been observed in BE and EAC compared with normal adenocarcinoma, Barrett’s esophagus, and gastroesophageal
squamous cell epithelium and was associated with refl ux. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013;105:1711-8.
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carcinogenesis. miRNA-194 was also induced in BE 9. Flejou JF. Barrett’s oesophagus: from metaplasia to dysplasia
and EAC and found to be related to intestinal metaplasia and cancer. Gut 2005;54 Suppl 1:i6-12.
and metastasis. [70,71] miRNA-143, which suppresses 10. American Gastroenterological A, Spechler SJ, Sharma P,
transcription of KRAS, was down-regulated in EAC and Souza RF, Inadomi JM, Shaheen NJ. American
gastroenterological association medical position statement
associated with TP53. [72,73] miRNA-31 and miRNA-375 on the management of Barrett’s esophagus. Gastroenterology
were found to be down-regulated in EAC and are early 2011;140:1084-91.
and late-stage markers of EAC carcinogenesis. [74] 11. Spechler SJ, Goyal RK. Barrett’s esophagus. N Engl J Med
1986;315:362-71.
Conclusion 12. Paull A, Trier JS, Dalton MD, Camp RC, Loeb P, Goyal RK.
The histologic spectrum of Barrett’s esophagus. N Engl J Med
Recent advances of next-generation sequencing have 1976;295:476-80.
provided researchers with better understanding of 13. Thompson JJ, Zinsser KR, Enterline HT. Barrett’s metaplasia
genetic and epigenetic alterations in EAC carcinogenesis. and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal
However, little study has examined those genetic junction. Hum Pathol 1983;14:42-61.
and epigenetic alterations in combination with 14. Chang CL, Lao-Sirieix P, Save V, De la Cueva Mendez G,
clinicopathological factors. In order to elucidate the Laskey R, Fitzgerald RC. Retinoic acid-induced glandular
pathogenesis of BE and EAC and to fi nd molecules for differentiation of the oesophagus. Gut 2007;56:906-17.
biomarkers and targeting therapy, it will be necessary 15. Bellin C, de Wiza DH, Wiernsperger NF, Rosen P. Generation
to analyze those genetic alterations in combination with of reactive oxygen species by endothelial and smooth muscle
cells: infl uence of hyperglycemia and metformin. Horm Metab
clinical data in a large-scale cohort. Res 2006;38:732-9.
Financial support and sponsorship 16. Marchetti M, Caliot E, Pringault E. Chronic acid exposure
leads to activation of the cdx2 intestinal homeobox gene in a
Nil. long-term culture of mouse esophageal keratinocytes. J Cell
Sci 2003;116:1429-36.
Confl icts of interest 17. Kong J, Nakagawa H, Isariyawongse BK, Funakoshi S,
Silberg DG, Rustgi AK, Lynch JP. Induction of intestinalization
There are no confl icts of interest.
in human esophageal keratinocytes is a multistep process.
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126 Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment ¦ Volume 1 ¦ Issue 3 ¦ October 15, 2015 ¦