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Afyouni et al. Hepatoma Res 2023;9:28 Hepatoma Research
DOI: 10.20517/2394-5079.2023.29

Review Open Access

Role of diagnostic radiology in the management of

intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

1
1
1
Shadi Afyouni 1 , Ali Borhani , Alireza Mohseni , Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari , Seyedeh Panid
2
1
1
1
Madani , Haneyeh Shahbazian , Ghazal Zandieh , Timothy M. Pawlik , Ihab R. Kamel 1
1
Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, John’s Hopkins Medicine, John’s Hopkins University,
Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
2
Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center,
Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Correspondence to: Prof. Ihab R. Kamel, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, John’s Hopkins
Medicine, John’s Hopkins University, 600 North Wolfe Street, MRI 143, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. E-mail: ikamel@jhmi.edu
How to cite this article: Afyouni S, Borhani A, Mohseni A, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Madani SP, Shahbazian H, Zandieh G,
Pawlik TM, Kamel IR. Role of diagnostic radiology in the management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatoma Res
2023;9:28. https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-5079.2023.29
Received: 30 Mar 2023 First Decision: 9 May 2023 Revised: 24 May 2023 Accepted: 16 Jun 2023 Published: 25 Jun 2023
Academic Editors: Kenneth Siu Ho Chok, Patrizia Pontisso, Guang-Wen Cao Copy Editor: Yanbing Bai Production Editor:
Yanbing Bai

Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a rare and aggressive form of primary liver cancer that presents
significant diagnostic and treatment challenges. In this review, we discuss the role of diagnostic radiology in the
management of ICC, and future directions for research and clinical practice in the management of ICC.

Keywords: Liver, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, diagnostic radiology

INTRODUCTION
Epidemiology and etiology of ICC
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy originating from the bile duct
epithelium within the liver. ICC accounts for 10%-15% of primary liver cancers and has a rising worldwide
incidence . The highest incidence of ICC has been observed in Southeast Asia, particularly in Thailand,
[1]
[2]
where it is associated with liver fluke infections (Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis) . Other
risk factors include primary sclerosing cholangitis, chronic viral hepatitis B and C, cirrhosis, exposure to

© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as
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