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Gavriilidis et al. Hepatoma Res 2023;9:23 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-5079.2023.26 Page 7 of 8

While additional randomized data are still required to fully understand the role of LND in iCCA, the
current data indicate that standard lymphadenectomy of at least six lymph nodes beyond station 12 is
strongly recommended. The proposed new nodal staging of N0, N1 and N2 should also be further
investigated as a means to better understand outcomes among patients after curative-intent resection of
iCCA. Currently, for patients with resectable disease, we recommend surgical resection of the primary
tumor with a LND of at least six lymph nodes.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Writing of the manuscript, data collection, data interpretation, critical revision and approval of the final
manuscript: Gavriilidis P, Bath NM, Pawlik TM

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
Not applicable.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023.

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