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Lekbir et al. Energy Mater. 2025, 5, 500101 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2025.46 Page 5 of 17

Table 1. Dimension of the different components for commercial TEG module
Item Leg dimension (mm) Number of p and n legs Copper electrode (mm) Number of electrodes Ceramic cover (mm)
Size 2 × 2 × 3.4 256 2 × 2 × 0.3 128 40 × 40 × 0.5

Table 2. The seebeck and the internal resistances for each leg of TEG
Ref Material structure TEG leg S for legs (μV/K) ρ (m Ω/cm) S (μV/K) R s,TEG (Ω)
[21] [22]
TEG1 Si Ge (P, As) n-type -173 25 173 3.32
0.97 0.03
[21] [22]
Si 0.97 Ge 0.03 (B) p-type +173 25
TEG2 Bi Se Te 2.7 n-type -170 [23] 1.3 [24] 176.4 0.173
0.3
2
[25] [24]
Bi Sb Te 3 p-type +182.8 1.3
1.5
0.5
TEG3 Mg Bi 1.498 Sb Te 0.002 n-type -210 [26] 11 [27] 207 0.817
0.5
3.2
[28] [24]
Bi Sb Te p-type +204 1.3
0.4 1.6 3
TEG4 PbTe n-type -343.1 [29] 1.49 [30] 294.73 0.198
[29] [30]
PbSnTe p-type + 246.3 1.49
TEG5 Bi Te 3 n-type −160 [31] 6.32 [32] 220 0.709
2
Sb Te 3 p-type +280 [33] 4.36 [34]
2
[31] [32]
TEG6 Bi Te n-type −160 6.32 160 0.839
2 3
[31] [32]
Bi Te 3 p-type +160 6.32
2
[35] [36]
TEG7 CoSb n-type -220 25 210 3.52
3
[37] [38]
Zn Sb 3 p-type +200 28
4
TEG8 SiGe n-type -200 [39] 1.2 [40] 217.5 0.442
[41] [41]
Tl BiTe p-type +235 5.5
9 6

Figure 1. The schematic 3D geometry of the commercial TEG module.

On the other hand, the short-circuit current for the TEG module can be calculated using :
[42]

where V represents the TEG output voltage which varied between 0 and V ; R s,TEG is the internal TEG
TEG
oc
module resistance and can be calculated as follows :
[43]