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Shanmugasundaram et al. Energy Mater. 2025, 5, 500100 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.304 Page 19 of 23

Figure 9. Thermoelectric efficiency vs. zT of Ag Mg Zn Sb sample.
0.03 1.77 1.2 2
of 0.5 K at 753 K was achieved in the Ag Mg Zn Sb sample. This work thus suggests that heavy
2
0.03
1.2
1.77
aliovalent substitution is an efficient strategy for improving the mid-temperature TE performance of p-type
Mg Zn Sb solid solutions.
1.8
1.2
2
DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the Nanotechnology Research Centre (NRC) and Centre of Excellence in
Materials for Advanced Technologies (CeMAT) for the experimental and characterization facilities. The
authors thank the management of SRM Institute of Science and Technology for the support through the
SEED and STARTUP grants.

Authors’ contributions
Data sourcing, collection, and analysis, manuscript draft and revision: Shanmugasundaram, P.; Vaiyapuri,
V.; Shanmugasundaram, K.; Jayaram, A.
Data sourcing: Shanmugasundaram, P.; Vaiyapuri, V.
Overall supervision, manuscript design and review, funding provision: Ikeda, H.; Mani, N.
Data analysis supervision, manuscript review, revision, and editing: Mani, N.