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Rehman et al. Energy Mater 2024;4:400068 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.06 Page 21 of 64

To improve the cycle stability and rate performance of Sb S , bimetallic sulfide heterostructure has been
2 3
developed by adding In S and Sb S . To further mitigate the low conductivity, CNTs have been
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2 3
[133]
incorporated to attain resultant microspheres . The creation of voids with high surface-active properties
led to shorter pathways for rapid Na transfer pathways that entrusted a high reversible capacity of
+
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400 mAh g and a long cycle life of around 1,000 cycles with a stable rate capacity (355 mAh g at 3.2 A g ).
The performance of the composite alloying anode was traced to operate under a pseudocapacitive
dominated process whereby the incorporation of redox inactive in-aided Sb S achieved its structural
2 3
stability during redox. Ex-situ HRTEM and Raman mapping of the disassembled cell anode material
distinctly revealed metallic Sb, InSb, and Na Sb with reversible transformations.
3
Ternary structured hollow nanorods have been prepared by a solvothermal methodology . They
[134]
encompassed Sb S at the innermost with intermediate FeS sandwiched by N-doped C from outside. The
2
2 3
intact structural design could present an outstanding behavior as an SIB anode. It delivered very promising
ICE (82.4%), rate capacity (537.9 mAh g at 10 A g ), and excellent stability (534.8 mAh g , CE = 85.7%)
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after extensive 1,000 cycling at 5 A g . Heterogeneous interphases in the superstructure furnished high
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conductivity and excellent SEI stabilization and accommodated volume variations. In-situ XRD traced the
reaction mechanism, with peaks of major active species Sb S , Sb , and Na Sb detected along with other
0
2 3
3
peaks of Na FeS and Na S. These were also verified by ex-situ HRTEM. The origin of Na S was related to
x
2
2
2
accelerated reaction kinetics.
To address pulverization and slow kinetics issues, a Sb S @SnS@C nanocomposite has been prepared by
2 3
Lin et al. . The formulated hollow-tube-heterostructured Sb S @SnS@C was fabricated by a multistep
[135]
2 3
process. First, Sb S NTs were prepared, followed by solvothermal compositing to form Sb S @SnS. Finally,
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2 3
the hybrid was added to C source for coating nanotubular structures. As an SIB anode, the composite
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sustained a high capacity (442 mAh g over 200 cycles at 1 A g ) and an excellent rate capacity (448 mAh g
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at 5.0 A g ) that outperformed pure Sb S and SnS@C composites. It also showed an extended cyclability
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2 3
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with a capacity of 200 mAh g over 1,300 cycles at 5.0 A g . The outstanding cycling stability under the
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capacitive-dominated mechanism (above 92%) was credited to the synchronous influence of effective
heterojunctions with an inner hollow tube-like structure and a protective outer carbon layer, which
maintained structural firmness along with mitigation of other issues.
Zhang et al. have proposed a blending wet chemical synthetic strategy for Sb S with the 2D MXenes for
2 3
optimum SIB anode configuration . The MXene surface-supported Sb S nanoparticles were able to
[136]
2 3
shutter volumetric stresses along with conductive MXene sheets for steadily fast ion/ electron pathways at
favored kinetics. The optimized composite (50% Sb S @ m-Ti C T ) showed a superior capacity retention
2 x
2 3
3
(156 mAh g at 0.1 A g ampere density for 100 cycles) and steady performance with a capability of
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72 mAh g over 1,000 cycles at 2 A g . Very recently, another MXene hybrid with N-C ribbons (bio-derived
from Aspergillus niger) blended with Sb S has been presented as an SIB anode . The 1D ribbon and Sb S
[137]
2 3
2 3
with 2D MXene sheet combination resulted in a flexible composite. A schematic illustration with
corresponding morphological characterization affirmed successful formation of the hybrid along with
superior SIB anode performance [Figure 10A]. The freestanding SIB anode overcame many conventional
limitations along with efficient control over polysulfide shuttling. This anode showed a capacity of
394 mAh g after 1,000 cycles at 1 A g , along with a rate performance of 148 mAh g at 10 A g . In full cell
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configuration using the prepared anode and NVP@CNF cathode with a quasi-solid-state electrolyte
[poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)], the anode showed a superior
performance (364.1 mAh g at 0.1 A g over 100 cycles), an excellent rate performance, delivering a capacity
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