Page 89 - Read Online

Page 20 of 64 Rehman et al. Energy Mater 2024;4:400068 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.06

Sb O @Sb has also been reported by Ye et al. using etching synthetic protocols . The ginger-like Sb having
[127]
3
2
decorated nanosized porous Sb O on its surface efficiently participated in the volume buffering process.
2
3
The anode showed a capacitive-dominated mechanism of Na storage with an optimum storage capacity of
+
526.2 mAh g over 150 cycles at 1 A g . A uniquely presented Sb O with a thin C coating over it has been
-1
-1
6
13
recently demonstrated as an SIB anode . It showed a cyclic stability of 89.64% (delivering 239 mAh g at
-1
[128]
1 A g ) over 170 cycles. An alloying-conversion type SIB anode comprising exfoliated GO encapsulating
-1
Sb O has proven its viability for mitigating volume expansion and other issues that impede the
2
3
performance . The proposed anode delivered a capacity of 345 mAh g at 25 m A g over 100 cycles while
-1
-1
[129]
a capacity of about 100 mAh g at 1 A g with good stability in full cell configuration was achieved,
-1
-1
-1
corresponding to an energy density of 100 Wh Kg . The high surface area and 2D structure of the graphene
ensured high electrolyte penetration. A hydrothermally treated nanocomposite Sb O -CNT-graphene with
3
2
high surface area exposed offered adequate electrolyte wetting in an SIB assembly, demonstrating a
capacitive output of 360 mAh g over 100 cycles at 0.1 A g with a good rate performance (140 mAh g at
-1
-1
-1
ampere density of 2 A g ) .
-1 [130]
A recent endeavor to improve SIB anode performance of Sb O has been proposed with exfoliated graphene
3
2
[129]
Sb O in different compositions . The optimum performing SIB electrode showed interesting features
2
3
unveiled by in-situ impedance spectroscopy whereby varying charge transfer capabilities were detected in
the alloying phase, unlike those in the conversion phase. The material showed a respectable potential of
2.95 V in full cell configuration with layered (Na Ni Mn O ) NNMO cathode. The cell delivered an
0.33
0.33
0.66
2
energy density of around 100 Wh kg with 100 mAh g capacity at 1 A g .
-1
-1
-1
Antimony-based sulfides
The promise of a high theoretical capacity (up to 946 mAh g ) of antimony sulfide (Sb S ) has been plagued
-1
2 3
-5
+
-1
by a very low electronic conduction (< 1 × 10 Scm ), impractical Na diffusion, and huge volume variations
in the (de)sodiation process as an SIB anode material. The sodium diffusion process involves the following
reactions:
+
Sb S + 6Na + 6e ↔ 2Sb + 3Na S
-
2 3
2
-
2Sb + 6Na + 6e ↔ 2Na Sb
+
3
The conversion/alloying reaction involves an overall transfer of 12 mol of Na . However, a full capacity
+
impact cannot be utilized due to above-mentioned shortcomings. Various nanostructuring, C-matrix
addition, and other bimetallic and multimetallic alloys and hybrids have been extensively searched for
improved performances of Sb S -based materials as SIB anodes .
[24]
2 3
Deng et al. have adopted a “green approach” utilizing natural stibnite ore and sulfur-doped carbon sheets
(SCSs) . Sb S /SCS composites were developed for SIBs through a quick and effective wet chemical
[131]
2 3
process. The composite Sb S /SCS delivered an ICE of 68.82% in comparison with an ICE of 61.27% for
2 3
stibnite. However, a wide difference in the capacity storage was observed after 100 cycles, where capacities
of 455.8 and 190.1 mAh g were retained by Sb S /SCS and stibnite, respectively. Xie et al. have proposed a
-1
2 3
novel material approach by compositing carbon-silicon oxide with Sb S to attain 1D NFs (denoted as
2 3
Sb S /CS) . The superior material’s junction resulted in a competitive capacity (321 mAh g over 200
-1
[132]
2 3
cycles at 0.2 A g ). Homogeneously sized electrospun fibers fully encapsulated Sb S with a high void to
-1
2 3
effectively buffer volume expansions, which entrusted a highly stable performance.