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Page 12 of 64 Rehman et al. Energy Mater 2024;4:400068 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.06

Figure 5. (A) (a) Strategic illustration of the synthesis of SnSe /ZnSe@PDA nanobox. (b-d) SEM images with size distribution of
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nanoboxes. (e) Schematic illustration and TEM showing structural changes in the composite during (dis)charging. (B) Electrochemical
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Na storage in SIBs: (a) charge/discharge, (b) cycling performance, (c) rate capability, and (d) Ragone plots of composite
SnSe /ZnSe@PDA and reported anode materials. (e) Extended cycling of SnSe /ZnSe@PDA. Reproduced with permission from [96] .
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Copyright © 2021 Elsevier.
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could support Na mobility at heterojunctions. Hollow structures can suppress volume changes and increase
the contact area between the electrode and electrolyte. The conductive and elastic PDA shell functioned as a
buffer layer to guard against aggregation and disintegration of the SnSe /ZnSe yolk during cycling. The
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heterostructure nanobox SnSe /ZnSe@PDA displayed a capacity of mAh g at a current density of
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1,000 mA g after 1,000 cycles without much capacity degradation, as shown in Figure 5B. Ex-situ XRD and
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postmortem TEM analysis revealed structural variations during (de)intercalation of Na , whereby the
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structural resilience successfully mitigated volume changes and alleviated structural aggregation and
pulverization.
The combined layering effect of SnSe and Ti C T (MXene) has been explored in layered composite
2 x
3
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(SnSe /Ti C T ) by exploiting electrostatic interaction with a reduction and selenylation strategy . The low
[97]
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3 2 x
conductivity and volume buffering dilemmas were tackled by MXenes that, in return, could get relief from
self-stacking of multilayers. The optimized morphology enabled it to sustain a high SIB anode capacity of
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245 mAh g at 1 A g , which was 5.4 and 4.1 times greater than SnSe and Ti C T , respectively. All these
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2 x
3
improvements were ensured by robust combination of SnSe and MXene that successfully relieved the
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volume and capacity fading stresses by furnishing a high mesoporous surface area for effective electrolyte
penetration and favored Na kinetics to achieve less capacity deterioration of just 0.06% per cycle after
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445 cycles.
Wang et al. have designed a novel composite (MoSe /SnSe @C) showing promise as an SIB anode . The
[98]
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composite had a 2D van der Waals heterostructure representing a loose connectivity of the two distinct