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Page 8 of 64 Rehman et al. Energy Mater 2024;4:400068 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.06

Figure 2. (A) Synthetic representation of solvothermal fabrication of SnO -NPs on carbon cloth. (B) Cycling and rate performance for
2
SIBs. (C) Flexibility testing of the material at different angles (i-iv). Reproduced with permission from [83] . Copyright © 2021 Elsevier.

intake by conversion-alloying reactions:

SnS + 2Na + 2e ↔ Sn + Na S
+
-
2
2
SnS + 2Na + 2e ↔ Sn + Na S
-
+
2
The alloying reaction follows this conversion reaction:
Sn + 3.75Na + 3.75e ↔ Na Sn
+
-
3.75
Although the weak M-S bond endorses better reaction reversibility with theoretical capacity values of SnS
2
-1
and SnS being 1,137 and 1,022 mAh g , respectively, the large volume alteration during (de)sodiation in
Sn-based sulfide anodes makes it difficult to attain high capacity and long-lasting stability. Many dedicated
efforts have been made to confront these challenges. Using SnS /Co S hollow nanocubes anchored on
3 4
2
S-doped graphene prepared by the hydrothermal co-precipitation method as an SIB anode has shown a
-1
-1
promising capacity . The composite retained a capacity of 1,141.8 mAh g over 50 cycles at 0.1 A g . Even
[85]
at a higher current density of 0.2 A g , it sustained a capacity of 845.7 mAh g after 100 cycles. This anode
-1
-1
also exhibited an ultrafast charging behavior and delivered a capacity of 392.9 mAh g in less than three
-1
minutes at a current density of 10 A g .
-1
More economical electrode materials can be derived from various bio-waste utilizations that can positively
influence the environment and add structural benefits. In this regard, He et al. have prepared an algal waste-
derived anode SnS /EPC (enteromorpha prolifera derived carbon) that can deliver a high capacity of
2
-1
443 mAh g at a current of 0.1 A g and a reversible capacity of 340 mAh g over 450 cycles at a high
-1
-1