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Yang et al. Energy Mater 2024;4:400061 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2023.144 Page 13 of 23

Figure 5. (A) Optical images of the precursor solution (left) and the corresponding HGPE (right) after copolymerization; (B) LSV curves
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of 1 M LiPF in EC:EMC electrolyte and HGPE at a scan rate of 5 mV s , using platinum foil as the working electrode and Li foil as the
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counter and reference electrodes; (C) Open circuit voltage changes of fully charged Li||1 M LiPF in EC:EMC||LRO/graphite and
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Li||HGPE||LRO/graphite pouch cells at 130 °C during the aging time. Optical images of the pouch cells after aging at 130 °C for half an
hour are shown in the inset. This figure is quoted with permission from Wu et al. [76] (D) Schematic illustration of synergistic flame-
retardant mechanisms of HFBA-PETEA polymer electrolytes; (E) Infrared thermography and digital photographs of LE-based and QSE-
based pouch cells upon overheating; (F) Infrared thermography of LE-based and QSE-based pouch cells upon short-circuit and nail
penetration; This figure is quoted with permission from Hu et al. [77] (G) Schematic diagram of the flame-retardant gel electrolyte
(FRGE); (H) Combustion tests of the LCE and FRGE; (I) Long-term cycling performance of Li||LFP cells containing different electrolytes
at 0.5 C and (J) the corresponding charge/discharge curves; This figure is quoted with permission from Liu et al. [78] .

Fluorinated phosphates-based polymer skeleton
Liu et al. have successfully developed bifunctional GPEs by incorporating fluorine and phosphate esters,
[78]
which exhibit a good synergistic effect . The electrolyte composition includes a cross-linked polymer
skeleton formed by poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) and PETEA, to which a liquid ester
electrolyte containing 2-fluoro-2-phosphonoacetate as a plasticizer is added. Furthermore, the addition of
Triethyl 2-fluoro-2-phosphonoacetate (TFBA)-containing liquid ester electrolyte as a plasticizer, and the