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Yang et al. Energy Mater 2023;3:300029 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2023.10 Page 15 of 18

Benefitting from the multifunctional nature of the LiDFOB additive, the Li||Li symmetry cell can also stably
-2
cycle for up to 1000 h at a current density of 0.5 mA cm in the carbonate electrolyte. Moreover, the rate
capability and cyclic stability of Li||NCM85 batteries are significantly improved, with a high capacity
retention of 74% after 300 cycles, even at a high charge cut-off voltage of 4.6 V. Our in-depth understanding
of the working mechanisms of LiDFOB is expected to play a strategic role in guiding the rational design of
electrolyte systems for high-energy-density lithium metal batteries.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Ningbo Ronbay Technology Co., Ltd. for kindly supplying the cathode material.

Authors’ contributions
Manuscript wrting: Yang X, Huang Y
Manuscript revision: Gong Z, Yang Y
All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript.

Availability of data and materials
The data supporting our findings can be found in the Supplementary Materials.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No.
2021YFB2401800) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 21935009,
22261160570, 22032004, and 22279108).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023.

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