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Page 10 of 12 Cui et al. Energy Mater 2023;3:300023 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2022.90

α+
5+
V of V-O-V pillars underwent a reduction reaction to V (α < 5), as shown in Figure 7B. In addition, the
high-resolution XPS spectra of O 1s (as shown in Figure 7C) revealed its evolution at the pristine, fully
discharged/charged states, respectively. Notably, the relative intensity of the crystal H O peak in the fully
2
discharged ZVNW-CC decreased significantly during charging, further confirming the co-intercalation
mechanism of Zn and H O. Subsequently, thermogravimetric tests (nitrogen atmosphere) were also
2+
2
performed on ZVNW-CC electrodes under different charge and discharge conditions, as shown in
Supplementary Figure 6. It was consistent with the XPS results. Based on the above analysis and discussion,
the electrochemical reactions that occurred inside the Zn/ZVNW-CC batteries can be described by the
following equations:

Zn + 2e ↔ Zn (1)
-
2+
Zn (OH) V O ·2H O + xZn + yH O + 2xe ↔ Zn (OH) V O ·(2+y) H O (2)
2+
-
2
2
7
2
7
2
2
3
2
2
3+x
CONCLUSIONS
We have designed the “self-supporting” electrode by 1D ZVNW grown on CC as the cathode material in
AZIBs. Integrating the excellent electronic conductivity of CC, 1D ZVO nanowire with layered framework
2+
structure in ZVNW-CC can facilitate Zn diffusion and fasten the electron transport, improving the
electrochemical reaction kinetics of the electrode. Consequently, the ZVNW-CC electrode showed excellent
-1
electrochemical performances of a specific capacity of 361.8 mAh g (50 mA g ), a high-rate capability
-1
(145.9 mAh g discharge capacity at 1,000 mA g ), and long cycling life (96.7% capacity retention after 1,010
-1
-1
cycles at 1,000 mA g ). The Zn /H O co-intercalation mechanism in ZVNW-CC electrodes was
2+
-1
2
demonstrated by ex-situ XPS and ex-situ TGA. The novel strategy proposed in this study may provide
guidance for exploiting high-performance energy storage systems.
DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contribution
Preparing the manuscript draft: Cui Y
Carried out the synthesis and characterization, performed the electrochemical measurements and
characterizations: Cui Y, Ding Y, Guo L
Conceived the concept and directed the research, Writing-review & editing: Guo C, Liu Y
Provided the research advice: Liu Y, Bai Y
Supervision, Resources: Li G, Wang K
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Financial support and sponsorship
This study was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. U1910210,
U1810204, 22278291, and 22105142) and Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas in Shanxi
Provence (2020-048).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.