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Page 8 of 10 Liu et al. Energy Mater 2023;3:300011 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2022.68

feature structure of the Ru/TiO /CNTs material during discharging-charging process. The CNTs skeleton
2
+
offered multiple three-dimensional channels for the rapid transportation of oxygen, Li and electrons, while
a thin-loose layer of TiO effectively inhibited the carbon corrosion but still could let mass transfer. The
2
ultrafine Ru nanoparticles served as catalytic active sites. Therefore, a long-life Li-O battery was
2
constructed with the rational structure design of Ru/TiO /CNTs.
2
CONCLUSION
To sum up, we designed a Ru/TiO /CNTs cathode and successfully obtained it via a hydrolysis reaction of
2
the titanium butoxide on the surface of CNTs, followed by aqueous reduction to load Ru. The as-prepared
cathode combined consideration of the favorable kinetics of Li O -related main reaction and the avoidance
2
2
of the side reaction caused by carbon cathode. Electrochemical results evidenced that the Ru/TiO /CNTs
2
cathode could catalyze snow-like Li O -formation and more importantly the cathode still featured a porous
2
2
state after discharge, which suggested quite friendliness on the subsequent charge and cycling process. As a
result, the battery with Ru/TiO /CNTs cathode delivered a discharge capacity of about 4500 mAh g and a
-1
2
long lifespan of 110 at a current density of 100 mAg . The concept of this research is of high value in
-1
directing the reasonable design of cathode material for Li-O batteries.
2
DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Conceived the manuscript: Liu L, Wu Y
Wrote the manuscript: Liu L, Zhou C, Fang W
Reviewed the manuscript: Liu L, Fang W, Wu Y
The discussion of the manuscript: Liu L, Zhou C, Fang W, Hou Y, Wu Y

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the Key R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology (No.
2021YFB2400201), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52002171, 22101133, 22279055),
the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20200696, No. BK20200768, No.20KJB430019).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023.

REFERENCES
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2. Lin D, Liu Y, Cui Y. Reviving the lithium metal anode for high-energy batteries. Nat Nanotechnol 2017;12:194-206. DOI PubMed