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Xiao et al. Energy Mater 2023;3:300007 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2022.84 Page 3 of 13

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of various types of Zn-based battery configurations.

Figure 2. (A) Schematic diagram of the backside-plating configuration full-cell battery. (B) Cycling stability curves of Ni-Zn battery with
the conventional frontside and backside battery cells [28] . Reproduced with permission from Ref. [28] . Copyright 2016 Nature Publishing
Group.

Wang et al. Spectroscopic analysis combined with molecular simulation analysis revealed that high
concentrations of TFSI could effectively inhibit the formation of by-product (Zn-[H O] ) , thereby
2+
-
2
6
[30]
contributing to the deposition of Zn with near 100% Coulombic efficiency .
Zn-ion batteries
A Zn-ion battery consists of four components, a Zn metal anode, an metal oxides cathode, a separator, and
an electrolyte. Generally, metal oxides are used as cathode materials in Zn-ion batteries, including
manganese-based, vanadium-based, and Prussian blue analogs and organic cathode materials [12,31] . The
characteristics of some cathode materials are listed in Table 1 below [32-37] . The characteristics of some
cathode materials are listed in Table 1 below. Depending on how they store Zn ions, these materials can be