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François et al. Carbon Footprints 2026, 5, 22 Page 13 of 22

Figure 7. Delay factors for GTP as a function of the Time Horizon of the Impact (THI) and for a single emission t i = LCD = 100 years. GTP:
Global temperature potential; LCD: life cycle duration; GHG: greenhouse gases.

Table 2. Delay factors for GTP for the 11 main GHG and for a single emission t i = LCD with THI = 100 years
Beta factor (LCD Beta factor (LCD Beta factor (LCD Beta factor (LCD Beta factor (LCD
GHG Lifetime
= 10 yrs) = 25 yrs) = 50 yrs) = 100 yrs) = 200 yrs)
Combined 1.006 1.011 1.016 1.02 1.032
CO 2
CH 4 with oxidation 11.8 1.034 1.08 1.155 1.312 1.672
11.8 1.043 1.104 1.207 1.439 2.043
CH 4
N 2 O 109 1.06 1.156 1.331 1.738 2.828
HFC-134a 14 1.55 1.126 1.236 1.475 2.095
HFC-125 30 1.149 1.366 1.692 2.227 3.257
1000 0.994 0.987 0.977 0.967 0.974
SF 6
PFC-14 50000 0.986 0.966 0.937 0.891 0.828
CFC-11 52 1.124 1.323 1.684 2.473 4.151
CFC-12 102 1.065 1.169 1.358 1.801 2.985
HCFC-22 11.9 1.044 1.105 1.208 1.44 2.045
32 1.15 1.374 1.722 2.309 3.413
CCl 4
GWP: Global warming potential; GHG: greenhouse gases; LCD: life cycle duration; THI: time horizon of the impact.

emission t and Life Cycle Duration LCD increase, the delay factor increases, which means that for a given
i
THI, later emissions have a higher GTP impact. Additionally, the delay factor is almost constant and very
close to 1 for all emission times t in their variation range (e.g., t between zero and LCD). This means that
i
i
delaying CO emissions would induce only a slight increase of the GTP indicator, yet for CH and N O the
2
2
4
GTP indicator increases significantly with delayed emissions (see Supplementary Figures 3 and 4).
Application
This section aims to illustrate how to apply the method and provided tool, for stakeholders who need to
conduct a dynamic study using EPDs in compliance with the French RE2020 regulation . This regulation is
[11]
based on the GWP100 indicator available from EPDs, setting THI = 100 years. This regulation also sets the
life of a building at 50 years, setting LCD = 50 years. Year zero is set as the year of delivery of the finished