Page 45 - 2417
P. 45
Chaib et al. Carbon Footprints 2026, 5, 23 Page 21 of 23
26. West, T. A. P.; Börner, J.; Sills, E. O.; Kontoleon, A. Overstated carbon emission reductions from voluntary REDD+ projects in the
Brazilian Amazon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2020, 117, 24188-94. DOI PubMed PMC
27. West, T. A.; Bomfim, B.; Haya, B. K. Methodological issues with deforestation baselines compromise the integrity of carbon offsets
from REDD+. Global. Environ. Chang. 2024, 87, 102863. DOI
28. Teo, H. C.; Tan, N. H. L.; Zheng, Q.; et al. Uncertainties in deforestation emission baseline methodologies and implications for carbon
markets. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 8277. DOI PubMed PMC
29. Olofsson, P.; Foody, G. M.; Herold, M.; Stehman, S. V.; Woodcock, C. E.; Wulder, M. A. Good practices for estimating area and
assessing accuracy of land change. Remote. Sens. Environ. 2014, 148, 42-57. DOI
30. IPCC. 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories; Geneva, Switzerland, 2019. Available
from: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/2019-refinement-to-the-2006-ipcc-guidelines-for-national-greenhouse-gas-inventories [Last accessed
on 29 Apr 2026].
31. Verra. VCS standard, version 4.5; Washington, DC, USA, 2023. Available from: https://verra.org/verra-releases-version-4-5-of-the-vcs-s
tandard [Last accessed on 29 Apr 2026].
32. Verra. AFOLU non-permanence risk tool; Washington, DC, USA, 2023. Available from: https://verra.org/verra-releases-updated-afolu-n
on-permanence-risk-tool [Last accessed on 29 Apr 2026].
33. Gold Standard Foundation. Land use and forests activity requirements; Geneva, Switzerland, 2023. Available from: https://globalgoals.g
oldstandard.org/203-ar-luf-activity-requirements [Last accessed on 29 Apr 2026].
34. Plan Vivo Foundation. PV climate project requirements; Edinburgh, UK, 2024. Available from: https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/ass
ets.planvivo.org/documents/PV-Climate_Project-Requirements_V5.5.pdf [Last accessed on 29 Apr 2026].
35. Brumberg, H.; Hegwood, M.; Eichhorst, W.; Lopresti, A.; Erbaugh, J. T.; Kroeger, T. Global analysis of constraints to natural climate
solution implementation. PNAS. Nexus. 2025, 4, pgaf173. DOI PubMed PMC
36. Ellis, P. W.; Page, A. M.; Wood, S.; et al. The principles of natural climate solutions. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 547. DOI PubMed PMC
37. Kroeger, T.; Erbaugh, J.; Luo, Z.; et al. Implementation constraints on natural climate solutions: a global literature review and survey.
Review 2025. DOI
38. Fisher, B.; Lewis, S. L.; Burgess, N. D.; et al. Implementation and opportunity costs of reducing deforestation and forest degradation in
Tanzania. Nature. Clim. Chang. 2011, 1, 161-4. DOI
39. Merger, E.; Held, C.; Tennigkeit, T.; Blomley, T. A bottom-up approach to estimating cost elements of REDD+ pilot projects in
Tanzania. Carbon. Balance. Manag. 2012, 7, 9. DOI PubMed PMC
40. De Sy, V.; Herold, M.; Achard, F.; et al. Synergies of multiple remote sensing data sources for REDD+ monitoring. Curr. Opin. Environ.
Sustain. 2012, 4, 696-706. DOI
41. Köhl, M.; Neupane, P. R.; Mundhenk, P. REDD+ measurement, reporting and verification – A cost trap? Implications for financing
REDD+MRV costs by result-based payments. Ecol. Econ. 2020, 168, 106513. DOI
42. Social Carbon Foundation. SCM0011 - Methodology for avoided deforestation on smallholdings; London, UK, 2025. Available from: htt
ps://www.socialcarbon.org/scm0011 [Last accessed on 29 Apr 2026].
43. Social Carbon Foundation. SCD0004: smallholder livelihood vulnerability index module, version 1.0; London, UK, 2025. Available
from: https://www.socialcarbon.org/scd0004 [Last accessed on 29 Apr 2026].
44. Scoones, I. Sustainable rural livelihoods: a framework for analysis; The Institute of Development Studies and Partner Organisations:
Brighton, UK, 1998. Available from: https://www.ids.ac.uk/publications/sustainable-rural-livelihoods-a-framework-for-analysis/ [Last
accessed on 29 Apr 2026].
45. Hahn, M. B.; Riederer, A. M.; Foster, S. O. The livelihood vulnerability index: a pragmatic approach to assessing risks from climate
variability and change - A case study in Mozambique. Global. Environ. Chang. 2009, 19, 74-88. DOI
46. Brazil. Constituição da República federativa do Brasil de 1988. Ato das Disposições Constitucionais Transitórias (ADCT); 1988.
Available from: https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm#adct [Last accessed on 6 May 2026] (in
Portuguese).
47. Brondizio, E. S.; Tourneau, F. L. Environmental governance for all. Science 2016, 352, 1272-3. DOI
48. Instituto Socioambiental (ISA). Comunidades quilombolas de São Paulo são atingidas por cheia do Rio Ribeira de Iguape. Available
from: https://www.socioambiental.org/noticias-socioambientais/comunidades-quilombolas-de-sao-paulo-sao-atingidas-por-cheia-do-rio
[Last accessed on 29 Apr 2026] (in Portuguese).
49. MapBiomas Project. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD): MapBiomas Brazil 10 m; São Paulo, Brazil, 2025. Available
from: https://brasil.mapbiomas.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2025/08/ATBD-Collection-10-v1.pdf [Last accessed on 29 Apr 2026].
50. Islam, A.; Ghosh, S. A comparison of performance measures of two livelihood vulnerability indices in the context of recurrent tropical
flood hazards. Nat. Hazards. Res. 2024, 4, 498-506. DOI
